_-_Barcode.png "e-ISSN")
Meme and cyber sexism: Habitus and symbolic violence of patriarchy on the Internet
Abstract
This study examines the various sexist practices on the Internet called cyber sexism. The Internet seems to become a new world for patriarchal domination. The amount of content, comments, and memes circulating on the Internet and social media, such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp harassing women, is proof of the patriarchal power on the Internet. This study used a qualitative method with a feminist perspective, collecting memes through Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. The memes were then reviewed and interpreted to find their meaning. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s habitus theory and symbolic violence, memes were analyzed to find the factors that cause sexism against women and the logical link between sexist practices in the real world and cyber sexism on the Internet. Results indicate that people’s habitus about patriarchy has become a mental structure of society that influences stereotyped behavior and gender bias and plays an important role in sexism on the Internet. The Internet, as an arena, has become the initial capital for men to dominate. Naming and mentioning women in various memes are the forms of symbolic violence against them that form new sexist habitus on the Internet.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Bailey, J. (2015). A perfect storm: How the online environment, social norms, and law shape girls’ lives. In EGirls, ECitizens. University of Ottawa Press.
Benbenishty, R., & Nir, M. (2015). Harcèlement traditionnel et violence au moyen des outils électroniques de communication entre adolescents en milieu scolaire en Israël. Les Dossiers Des Sciences de l’éducation, 33, 13-30. https://doi.org/10.4000/dse.772
Bimber, B. (2000). Measuring the gender gap on the internet. Social Science Quarterly, 81(3), 868-876. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42864010
Blackmore, S. (1998). Imitation and the definition of a meme. Journal of Memetics: Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission, 2. http://jom-emit.cfpm.org/1998/vol2/balckmore_s.html
Blaya, C. (Ed.). (2015). Cyberviolence et école, Les Dossiers des Sciences de l’Éducation. Presses universitaires du Midi.
Bourdieu, P. (2001). Masculine domination. Stanford University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre. (2013). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge University Press.
Bruns, A., & Burgess, J. (2012). Researching news discussion on twitter. Journalism Studies, 13(5–6). https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.664428
Cannizzaro, S. (2016). Internet memes as internet signs: A semiotic view of digital culture. Sign Systems Studies, 44(4), 562-586. https://doi.org/10.12697/SSS.2016.44.4.05
Carstarphen, M. G., & Lambiase, J. J. (1998). Domination and democracy in cyberspace: Reports form the majority media and ethnic/gender margins. In Cyberghetto or cybertopia?: Race, class, and gender on the Internet. Bosah Ebo. ABC-CLIO.
Couchot-Schiex, S., & Richard, G. (2020). Cybersexism: How gender and sexuality are at play in cyberspace. In Gender, sexuality and race in the digital age. D. Nicole Farris, et.al. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29855-5_2
Cushing, P. J. (1996). Gendered conversational rituals on the internet: An effective voice is based on more than simply what one is saying. Anthropologica, 38(1), 47-80. https://doi.org/10.2307/25605819
Dawkins, R. (2006). The selfish gene: 30th anniversary edition -- with a new Introduction by the Richard Dawkins. Oxford University Press.
De Beauvoir, S. (1989). Second sex. Vintage Books.
Dixon, L. J., Correa, T., Straubhaar, J., Covarrubias, L., Graber, D., Spence, J., & Rojas, V. (2014). Gendered space: The digital divide between male and female users in internet public access sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(4), 991–1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12088
Durham, M. G., & Kellner, D. M. (2006). Media and cultural studies keyworks. Wiley-Blackwell.
Dwizatmiko. (2010). Kuasa simbolik menurut Pierre Bourdie: Telaah filosofis. Universitas Indonesia.
Finkelstein, R. (Ed.). (2008). A memetic copendium. Robotic Technology Inc.
Flew, T. (2007). New media: An introduction. Oxford University Press.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
Heitmeyer, Wilhelm, & Hagan, J. (2005). International handbook of violence research. Kluwer Academic.
Hidayat, H. N., & Immerry, T. (2020). Pelecehan terhadap perempuan dalam meme. Kafa`ah: Journal of Gender Studies, 10(2), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.15548/jk.v10i2.330
Hidayat, H., Wasana, W., Pramono, P., Immerry, T., & Dahlan, F. (2019). Folklore in meme: Minangkabau folklore survival form in the digital world. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Local Wisdom, INCOLWIS 2019, August 29-30, 2019, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.29-8-2019.2288953
Jarmul, K. (2018). Algoritma internet bias gender dan seksisme. https://www.dw.com/id/algoritma-internet-bias-gender-dan-seksisme/av-43865594
Lambrecht, A., & Tucker, C. (2019). Algorithmic bias? An empirical study of apparent gender-based discrimination in the display of stem career ads. Management Science, 65(7), 2966-2981. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3093
Mckay, T. (2013). Female self-objectification: Causes, consequences and prevention. McNair Scholars Research Journal, 6(1), 53-70. http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol6/iss1/7
Musarrofa, I. (2019). Pemikiran Pierre Bourdieu tentang dominasi maskulin dan sumbangannya bagi agenda pengarusutamaan gender di Indonesia. Kafa`ah: Journal of Gender Studies, 9(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.15548/jk.v9i1.227
Park, J. H., Shin, J., & Fung, P. (2020). Reducing gender bias in abusive language detection. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2018. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1302
Penny, L. (2013). Cybersexism: Sex, gender and power on the internet. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Rakoczy, S. (2004). Religion and violence: The suffering of women. Agenda, 18(61), 29–35. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066596
Ratih, M. F. (2015). Hubungan antara kepercayaan diri dengan objektifikasi diri pada perempuan dewasa awal. Tesis. Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta.
Ringrose, J., Gill, R., Livingstone, S., & Harvey, L. (2012). A qualitative study of children, young people and “sexting”: A report prepared for the NSPCC. National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
Ringrose, J., Harvey, L., Gill, R., & Livingstone, S. (2013). Teen girls, sexual double standards and “sexting”: Gendered value in digital image exchange. Feminist Theory, 14(3), 305-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700113499853
Ritzer, G. (2014). Teori sosiologi modern. Kencana.
Royal, C. (2008). Framing the internet. Social Science Computer Review, 26(2), 152-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307307366
Schroeder, J.E. (2020). Reinscribing gender: Social media, algorithms, bias. Journal of Marketing Management, 37(3-4), 376-378. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2020.1832378
Schroeder, J. E., & Borgerson, J. L. (2015). Critical visual analysis of gender: Reactions and reflections. Journal of Marketing Management, 31(15-16), 1723-1731. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2015.1077883
Smith, G., & Rustagi, I. (2021). When good algorithms go sexist: Why and how to advance a gender equity. Ssir.Org. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/when_good_algorithms_go_sexist_why_and_how_to_advance_ai_gender_equity
Soha, M., & McDowell, Z. J. (2016). Monetizing a meme: YouTube, Content ID, and the Harlem shake. Social Media + Society, 2(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115623801
Suryani, E. (2017). Batari Hyang Janapati dalam perspektif gender. JENTERA: Jurnal Kajian Sastra, 6(2), 181-196. https://doi.org/10.26499/jentera.v6i2.177
Tiidenberg, K., & van der Nagel, E. (2020). Sex and social media. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 11(4), 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042
Veevers, J. E., & Henley, N. M. (1979). Body politics: Power, sex, and nonverbal communication. Cambridge University Press.
Williamson, L. E. A., Sangster, S. L., & Lawson, K. L. (2012). Hey girl ...”: The effect of Ryan Gosling feminist memes on feminist identification and endorsement of feminist beliefs. Saskatoon.
Yang, G. (2016). Narrative agency in hashtag activism: The case of #blacklivesmatter. Media and Communication, 4(4), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i4.692
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/sml.v4i2.11899
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Moh. Faiz Maulana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Simulacra has been indexed in these prominent indexing services:
Simulacra is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA and published by the Center for Sociological Studies and Community Development, Department of Sociology, Universitas Trunojoyo Madura, Indonesia.
