Effects of Dietary Salt-Based Minerals and Phosphorus Supplements on Mean Body Weight, Survival Rate and Feed Conversion Ratio of White Shrimp Reared In Brackish Water

Nizar Amir; Makhfud Efendy; Agriananta Fahmi Hidayat

doi:10.21107/rekayasa.v14i3.11808

Effects of Dietary Salt-Based Minerals and Phosphorus Supplements on Mean Body Weight, Survival Rate and Feed Conversion Ratio of White Shrimp Reared In Brackish Water

Nizar Amir, Makhfud Efendy, Agriananta Fahmi Hidayat

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the impact of dietary salt-based mineral and phosphorus supplements on mean body weight, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio of Litopenaeus vannamei (white shrimp) reared in brackish water. The experiment was performed randomized design with three replicates in each treatment used twelve 40 L rectangular polymethyl methacrylate containers reared 45 days. The four treatments in this study were based on the concentration of salt-based mineral and phosphorus supplements (control or 0 ppm, one ppm, two ppm, and three ppm) in dietary of white shrimp. The results showed that using salt-based mineral and phosphorus supplements in dietary of white shrimp positively impacts mean body weight, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio. Increasing the concentration of salt-based mineral and phosphorus supplements increased mean body weight and survival rate and reduced feed conversion ratio of white shrimp. The mean body weight, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio of white shrimp were achieved with three ppm of dietary salt-based mineral, and phosphorus supplements reared 45 days was 5.98 gr, 88.57%, and 1.45, respectively.

Keywords

salt, dietary supplements, litopenaeus vannamei, brackish water, white shrimp

Full Text:

PDF

References

Azizah, F. F. N., Ishihara, H., Zabala, A., Sakai, Y., Suantika, G., & Yagi, N. (2020). Diverse perceptions on eco-certification for shrimp aquaculture in Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229387

Ballester, E. L. C., Abreu, P. C., Cavalli, R. O., Emerenciano, M., de Abreu, L., & Wasielesky, W. (2010). Effect of practical diets with different protein levels on the performance of Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles nursed in a zero exchange suspended microbial flocs intensive system. In Aquaculture Nutrition (Vol. 16, Issue 2, pp. 163–172). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00648.x

Chang, Z. Q., Neori, A., He, Y. Y., Li, J. T., Qiao, L., Preston, S. I., Liu, P., & Li, J. (2020). Development and current state of seawater shrimp farming, with an emphasis on integrated multi-trophic pond aquaculture farms, in China – a review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(4), 2544–2558. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12457

Chellapandi, P. (2021). Development of top-dressing automation technology for sustainable shrimp aquaculture in India. Discover Sustainability, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-021-00036-9

Cheng, K. M., Hu, C. Q., Liu, Y. N., Zheng, S. X., & Qi, X. J. (2005). Dietary magnesium requirement and physiological responses of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity water. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2005.00364.x

Cheng, Kai Min, Hu, C. Q., Liu, Y. N., Zheng, S. X., & Qi, X. J. (2006). Effects of dietary calcium, phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus ratio on the growth and tissue mineralization of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low-salinity water. Aquaculture, 251(2–4), 472–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.022

da Rocha Soares Neto, J., de Azevedo Silva Ribeiro, F., Gonçalves, A. A., & Coelho Emerenciano, M. G. (2019). Tilapia processing waste silage (TPWS): An alternative ingredient for Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) diets in biofloc and clear-water systems. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 4(5), 214–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2019.04.005

Davis, D. A., Boyd, C. E., Rouse, D. B., & Saoud, I. P. (2005). Effects of potassium, magnesium and age on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae reared in inland low salinity well waters in West Alabama. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 36(3), 416–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2005.tb00346.x

Faithong, J., Raksakulthai, N., & Chaiyawat, M. (2006). Effect of phosphates and salt on yield and quality of cooked white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science, 40(SUPPL.), 108–116.

Furtado, P. S., Poersch, L. H., & Wasielesky, W. (2011). Effect of calcium hydroxide, carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in bio-flocs technology (BFT) systems. In Aquaculture (Vol. 321, Issues 1–2, pp. 130–135). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.08.034

Galkanda-Arachchige, H., Roy, L. A., Dahl, S., James, J., Kelly, A. M., & Allen Davis, D. (2020). Laboratory and on-farm evaluation of low-cost salt mixtures for use during salinity acclimation and the nursery phase of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture Research, 51(8), 3460–3471. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14681

Galkanda-Arachchige, H. S. C., Roy, L. A., & Davis, D. A. (2020). Evaluation of an alternative salt mixture to culture Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in inland aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 51(9), 3540–3550. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14691

Galkanda-Arachchige, H. S. C., Roy, L. A., & Davis, D. A. (2021). The effects of magnesium concentration in low-salinity water on growth of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture Research, 52(2), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14916

Gao, W., Tian, L., Huang, T., Yao, M., Hu, W., & Xu, Q. (2016). Effect of salinity on the growth performance, osmolarity and metabolism-related gene expression in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports, 4, 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2016.09.001

Huang, F., Wang, L., Zhang, C. xiao, & Song, K. (2017). Replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal and mineral supplements in diets of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low-salinity water. In Aquaculture (Vol. 473, pp. 172–180). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.02.011

Jahan, I., Reddy, A. K., Sudhagar, S. A., Harikrishna, V., Singh, S., Varghese, T., & Srivastava, P. P. (2018). The effect of fortification of potassium and magnesium in the diet and culture water on growth, survival and osmoregulation of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei reared in inland ground saline water. In Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (Vol. 18, Issue 10, pp. 1235–1243). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v18_10_10

Kumar, A., Reddy, A. K., Rani, A. M. B., Rathore, G., & Lakra, W. S. (2018). Growth and digestive enzymatic activity of Litopenaeus vannamei raised in bio floc systems with different C / N ratios in ground saline water Growth and digestive enzymatic activity of Litopenaeus vannamei raised in bio floc systems with different C / N ratios in ground saline water. August.

Larsen, R., Eilertsen, K. E., & Elvevoll, E. O. (2011). Health benefits of marine foods and ingredients. Biotechnology Advances, 29(5), 508–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.017

Lee, C., & Lee, K. J. (2018). Dietary protein requirement of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in three different growth stages. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 21(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41240-018-0105-0

Lemos, D., Coelho, R., Zwart, S., & Tacon, A. G. J. (2021). Performance and digestibility of inorganic phosphates in diets for juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): dicalcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, and monoammonium phosphate. Aquaculture International, 29(2), 681–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00651-3

Liu, H., Zhang, X., Tan, B., Lin, Y., Chi, S., Dong, X., & Yang, Q. (2014). Effect of dietary potassium on growth, nitrogen metabolism, osmoregulation and immunity of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in low salinity seawater. Journal of Ocean University of China, 13(2), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-014-2118-3

McGraw, W. J., & Scarpa, J. (2003). Minimum environmental potassium for survival of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in freshwater. Journal of Shellfish Research, 22(1), 263–267.

Nehru, E., Chandrasekhara Rao, A., Pamanna, D., Priyadarshini, N., Anil Kumar, P., & Raveendra, M. (2018). Effect of Dietary Minerals Supplementation on Growth and Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei in Low Salinity Water. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(03), 3040–3049. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.353

Nguyen, T. A. T., Nguyen, K. A. T., & Jolly, C. (2019). Is super-intensification the solution to shrimp production and export sustainability? Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(19), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195277

Phadtare, I., Vaidya, H., Hawboldt, K., & Cheema, S. K. (2021). Shrimp oil extracted from shrimp processing by-product is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids and astaxanthin-esters, and reveals potential anti-adipogenic effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Marine Drugs, 19(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/md19050259

Ray, A. J., Seaborn, G., Leffler, J. W., Wilde, S. B., Lawson, A., & Browdy, C. L. (2010). Characterization of microbial communities in minimal-exchange, intensive aquaculture systems and the effects of suspended solids management. Aquaculture, 310(1–2), 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.10.019

Roy, L. A., Davis, D. A., Saoud, I. P., & Henry, R. P. (2007). Effects of varying levels of aqueous potassium and magnesium on survival, growth, and respiration of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters. In Aquaculture (Vol. 262, Issues 2–4, pp. 461–469). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.10.011

Sampantamit, T., Ho, L., Lachat, C., Sutummawong, N., Sorgeloos, P., & Goethals, P. (2020). Aquaculture production and its environmental sustainability in Thailand: Challenges and potential solutions. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052010

Saoud, I. Patrick, Roy, L. A., & Davis, D. A. (2007). Chelated Potassium and Arginine Supplementation in Diets of Pacific White Shrimp Reared in Low-Salinity Waters of West Alabama. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 69(3), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1577/a06-045.1

Saoud, Imad P., Davis, D. A., & Rouse, D. B. (2003). Suitability studies of inland well waters for Litopenaeus vannamei culture. Aquaculture, 217(1–4), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00418-0

Suguna, T. (2020). Application of Minerals in Low Saline Water Culture Systems of L. vannamei. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(9), 516–521. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.065

Supono. (2021). Current status of technical and economic analysis of inland shrimp culture in Lampung Province ,. AACL Bioflux, 14(1), 218–226.

Tang, K. F. J., Han, J. E., Aranguren, L. F., White-Noble, B., Schmidt, M. M., Piamsomboon, P., Risdiana, E., & Hanggono, B. (2016). Dense populations of the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in feces of Penaeus vannamei exhibiting white feces syndrome and pathways of their transmission to healthy shrimp. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 140, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2016.08.004

Truong, H. H., Moss, A. F., Bourne, N. A., & Simon, C. J. (2020). Determining the importance of macro and trace dietary minerals on growth and nutrient retention in juvenile penaeus monodon. Animals, 10(11), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112086

Valencia-Castañeda, G., Millán-Almaraz, M. I., Fierro-Sañudo, J. F., Fregoso-López, M. G., & Páez-Osuna, F. (2017). Monitoring of inland waters for culturing shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: application of a method based on survival and chemical composition. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6108-y

Valenti, W. C., Barros, H. P., Moraes-Valenti, P., Bueno, G. W., & Cavalli, R. O. (2021). Aquaculture in Brazil: past, present and future. Aquaculture Reports, 19(July 2020), 100611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100611

Valenzuela-Madrigal, I. E., Valenzuela-Quiñónez, W., Esparza-Leal, H. M., Rodríguez-Quiroz, G., & Aragón-Noriega, E. A. (2017). Effects of ionic composition on growth and survival of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei culture at low-salinity well water. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 52(1), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572017000100008

Zacarias, S., Schveitzer, R., Arantes, R., Galasso, H., Pinheiro, I., Espirito Santo, C., & Vinatea, L. (2019). Effect of different concentrations of potassium and magnesium on performance of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae reared in low-salinity water and a biofloc system. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 31(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2018.1536009