Pesantren and Mother Tongue: Madurese Language Maintenance Among Santri at Al-Hikam Bangkalan

Diah - Silviana; Zulkhaeriyah - Zulkhaeriyah; Dede Rosyadi ZA; Amalia - Hasan

doi:10.21107/prosodi.v19i2.31930

Pesantren and Mother Tongue: Madurese Language Maintenance Among Santri at Al-Hikam Bangkalan

Diah - Silviana, Zulkhaeriyah - Zulkhaeriyah, Dede Rosyadi ZA, Amalia - Hasan

Abstract

The Madurese language is slowly shifting because many young people prefer Indonesian, Arabic, or English in school and daily life. However, pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) still play an important role in keeping the Madurese language alive. This study examines how santri (students) at Pesantren Al-Hikam, Bangkalan maintain the Madurese language by looking at their opinions, challenges, and solutions. The research used a qualitative method with questionnaires (75 students) and interviews with six santri and two ustadzah (female religious teachers). The analysis was supported by theories of language attitude (Holmes, 2013), domains of use and language maintenance (Fishman, 1991; 1997), diglossia (Berger, 1990), and social networks (Milroy, 1992). Results show that santri are proud to use Madurese and see it as part of their identity. They use it in family, friendship, and religious settings, but face problems with polite speech levels like engghi bhunten (high speech level means yes-no), peer pressure, and the lower prestige of Madurese compared to other languages. To solve this, pesantren rules, peer support, and personal efforts help them keep using Madurese. The study shows that pesantren are not only for religion and education but also help protect local language and culture.

Keywords

Madurese language; language maintenance; pesantren; Fishman domains; santri perspectives.

Full Text:

PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)

References

A’ini, Q. (2023). Strategi Dalam Pemertahanan Bahasa Madura Di Pondok Pesantren Syekh Abdul Qadir Jailani Besuki. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam Darussalam, 4(2), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.30739/jmpid.v4i2.1836

Abdurrahman, A. (2018). Implementasi Manajemen Kurikulum Pesantren Berbasis Pendidikan Karakter. AT-TURAS: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 4(2), 279–297. https://doi.org/10.33650/at-turas.v4i2.336

Abidin Dr., M. J. Z., Pour-Mohammadi, M., & Alzwari, H. (2012). EFL students’ attitudes towards learning English language: The case of Libyan secondary school students. Asian Social Science, 8(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n2p119

Berger, M. R. (1990). Diglossia within a general theoretical perspective: Charles Ferguson’s concept 30 years later. Multilingua, 9(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1515/MULT.1990.9.3.285/PDF/FIRSTPAGE

Bin-Tahir, S. Z., Atmowardoyo, H., Dollah, S., & Rinantanti, Y. (2017). Multilingual instructional model of pesantren schools in indonesia. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 8(6), 1210–1216. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0806.24

Chaer, A., & Agustina, L. (2004). Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar. Rineka Cipta. - Penelusuran Google. Rineka Cipta. https://www.google.co.id/search?q=Chaer%2C+A.%2C+%26+Agustina%2C+L.+%282004%29.+Sosiolinguistik%3A+Suatu+Pengantar.+Rineka+Cipta.&sca_esv=f04038ad81816743&hl=id&udm=36&sxsrf=AE3TifNHPv6iLEiA8pkkOHQsvEZikDfFbA%3A1758344986641&ei=GjfOaKfvJsGT4-EPwaeCOA&ved=

Creswell, J. W. C. J. D. (2018). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (fifth edition).

DeJonckheere, M., & Vaughn, L. M. (2019). Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: A balance of relationship and rigour. Family Medicine and Community Health, 7(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000057

Effendy, M. H., Ayuanita, K., & Robbiatin. (2022). Menggali Potensi Pemertahanan Bahasa dan Sastra Madura melalui Pondok Pesantren di Kabupaten Pamekasan Pendahuluan Bahasa Madura merupakan bahasa daerah yang digunakan oleh penutur Madura yang dalam hal ini menduduki peringkat ketiga setelah Jawa dan Sund. 27–38.

Fishman, Joshua, A. (1997). Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical (p. 364).

Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Multilingual Matters. - Penelusuran Google. https://www.google.com/search?q=Fishman%252C+J.+A.+%25281991%2529.+Reversing+Language+Shift%253A+Theoretical+and+Empirical+Foundations+of+Assistance+to+Threatened+Languages.+Multilingual+Matters.&sca_esv=f04038ad81816743&sxsrf=AE3TifOK4agBAnsr2_nObelmCHVi0MJ0Lg%253

Hakim, M. A., & Novianty, F. (2020). Kitab Kuning and Javanese Language Maintenance in Pondok Pesantren Al-Falah Salafi Brebes. Santri: Journal of Pesantren and Fiqh Sosial, 1(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.35878/santri.v1i1.209

Hall, S., & Liebenberg, L. (2024). Qualitative Description as an Introductory Method to Qualitative Research for Master’s-Level Students and Research Trainees. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241242264

Heriyanto Nurcahyo, Sukarno, & Hairus Salikin. (2023). The Use of Engghi-Bhunten Speaking Levels by Madurese Students in Al-Azhar Islamic Boarding School: A Sociolinguistic Study. RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa, 9(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.55637/jr.9.2.5935.144-156

Herlianto, A. (2019a). Pesantren dan Oreng Kenek Sebagai Agen Pemerintahan Bahasa Madura. Urecol, 9(2), 9. http://eproceedings.umpwr.ac.id/index.php/urecol9/article/view/628/536

Herlianto, A. (2019b). Pesantren Dan Orȇng Kȇnȇk Sebagai Agen Pemertahanan Bahasa Madura: Sebuah Studi Sosiolinguistik Pesantren And Orȇng Kȇnȇk As Maintenance Agent Of Madura Language: A Sociolinguistic Study Herlianto A.

Holmes, J. (2008). An introduction to sociolinguistics. 482.

Iswanto, S., Kusnafizal, T., Kamza, M., & Haikal, M. (2022). LanguageMaintenance As Identity Construction In Jalawastu Traditional Community of Brebes Central Jav. Jurnal Etnografi Indonesia, 7(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.31947/etnosia.v9i1.346

Juliriyanti, N. T., Kustiawan, U., Damayani, R., Maningtyas, T., Studi, P., Guru, P., Anak, P., Dini, U., Malang, U. N., & Artikel, I. (2025). Peran orang tua dalam menstimulasi perkembangan bahasa madura anak usia dini di tk masjid agung sumenep. 3, 21–27.

Karatsareas, P. (2012). Semi-Structured Interviews. 99–113.

Milroy, L., & Milroy, J. (1992). Social network and social class: Toward an integrated sociolinguistic model1. Language in Society, 21(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500015013

Mulyani, Trisnawati, I. K., Syarfuni, Syahputra, M., Sariakin, & Rosdiana. (2024). Do We Need Mother Tongue Language Maintenance in Aceh? Voices from the School Settings. Studies in English Language and Education, 11(2), 1101–1117. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v11i2.34781

Nassaji, H. (2015). Qualitative and descriptive research: Data type versus data analysis. Language Teaching Research, 19(2), 129–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168815572747

Raditiyo Mirza Afiansyah. (2023). Ondhâgga Bâsa, Levels of Speech in Madurese: Sociolinguistic Studies in Language Variations. Linguistik Terjemahan Sastra (LINGTERSA), 4(2), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.32734/lingtersa.v4i2.10765

S, T., JM, B., & GD, B. (2022). Qualitative Study. http://europepmc.org/books/NBK470395

Saputri, I. I., & Nurhayati, E. (2019). Javanese Language Maintenance in Ahmad Tohari’s Bekisar Merah: A Sosiolinguistics Analysis. Jurnal Humaniora, 31(3), 253. https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.33987

Sukma, R. (2017). Sikap Bahasa Remaja Keturunan Betawi terhadap Bahasa Ibu dan Dampaknya pada Pemertahanan Bahasa Betawi. Universitas Diponegoro.

Zuri, N., Sumarsih, S., & Setia, E. (2018). Mandailing Language Maintenance in Kelurahan Sudirejo Ii Medan. Linguistik Terapan, 15(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.24114/lt.v15i1.11275

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/prosodi.v19i2.31930