Competition Law Paradigm in the Majapahit Constitution

Bhismoadi Tri Wahyu Faizal; Muhammad Amin; Muhammad Aunurrofiq Sidiq; Reni Prasetia Nurmawati

doi:10.21107/tlr.v7i1.28487

Competition Law Paradigm in the Majapahit Constitution

Bhismoadi Tri Wahyu Faizal, Muhammad Amin, Muhammad Aunurrofiq Sidiq, Reni Prasetia Nurmawati

Abstract

This paper aims to map and analyze business activities potentially resulting in monopolistic practices and unfair business competition in the Majapahit kingdom. This research also attempts to figure out how the rule of law was applied during the Majaphit kingdom to curb monopolistic business activities. This research applied a qualitative design with normative legal or library research that relies on secondary data sources. Primary legal materials in this research are two ancient books by Slamet Muljana, namely Majapahit Legislation and Nagarakretagama Historical Interpretation; secondary legal materials are books and journals related to this research. The results show that 4 (four) types of activities can lead to monopolistic practices and unfair business competition, namely, destroying or burning agricultural land, reducing farm yields, refusing others to do the same business and controlling land owned by small farmers by large farmers. For these activities, the Majapahit royal government imposed the rule of law contained in Articles 260 - 262 of the Kutaramanawa and Article 88 paragraph (3) of the Nagarakretagama which includes a prohibition on burning and destroying agricultural land, a ban on reducing agricultural yields by narrowing the land or leaving the land abandoned, a prohibition on refusing others to work on the land, and a prohibition on large farmers to control the land of small farmers. The government in the Majapahit era demonstrated how the law should be implemented, and that it should be emulated by modern countries, including Indonesia, to enforce the country’s welfare by encouraging vigorous and competitive law in Indonesia.

Keywords

Legal Paradigm; Competition Law, Majapahit Constitution

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abubakar, Lastuti, and Tri Handayani. “Investor Protection Through Exchange Transaction Settlement Guarantee and Investor Protection Fund.” Trunojoyo Law Review 1, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 46–60. https://doi.org/10.21107/tlr.v1i1.5256.

Akbar, Rahmat, Tatang Iskarna, and Yoseph Yapi Taum. “The Subject of Melancholia in Toer’s Bumi Manusia: Lacan’s Psychoanalytic Study.” International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 01–15. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2024.7.1.1.

Astuti, Rini, and Yuti A. Fatimah. “Science in the Court: Expert Knowledge and Forest Fires on Indonesia’s Plantations.” Environmental Science & Policy 151 (January 2024): 103631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.103631.

Bunthorn, Khath. “Mapping Indo-Khmer Historical and Cultural Connections: Peaceful Coexistence and Convergence of Culture.” Journal of South Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 169–81. https://doi.org/10.33687/jsas.010.02.3913.

Cengiz, Firat. “The Conflict between Market Competition and Worker Solidarity: Moving from Consumer to a Citizen Welfare Standard in Competition Law.” Legal Studies 41, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/lst.2020.31.

Evita, L., and Abdurakhman. “The Golden Age of the East Indonesian Economy during the NIT Era (1946–1950).” In Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World, 687–94. London: Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315225340-96.

Fadli, Moh, Airin Lemanto, and Zainal Arifien. “Re-Actualising the Potential of Temples in Greater Malang as a New Tourist Attraction in Indonesia: The Need to Transform Regulations into Digitalised and Integrated Management.” GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 25, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 474–84. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.25216-374.

Faizal, Bhismoadi Tri Wahyu. “Pengaturan Aktivitas Bisnis Dalam Konstitusi Majapahit.” As-Shahifah : Journal of Constitutional Law and Governance, 2022. https://doi.org/10.19105/asshahifah.v2i2.7933.

Faujura, Rahmanisa Purnamasari, Elisatris Gultom, and Sudjana Sudjana. “The Monopoly Practice and Unfair Business Competition in The Technology Transfer Activity Through The Foreign Patent in Indonesia.” UUM Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. Number 1 (January 31, 2021): 69–91. https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2021.12.1.4.

Graef, Inge, and Bart van der Slot. “Collective Data Harms at the Crossroads of Data Protection and Competition Law: Moving Beyond Individual Empowerment.” European Business Law Review 33, no. Issue 4 (June 1, 2022): 513–36. https://doi.org/10.54648/EULR2022024.

Hafid, Raden Bagus Mochammad Ramadhan Razief, Sahrudin, and Ahmad Farid. “Countermeasures for Environmental Damage Caused by Drilling Water Sources for The Mineral Water Industry.” Journal of Indonesian Constitutional Law 1, no. 2 (2024): 140–50. https://ejournal.pustakaparawali.com/index.php/jicl/article/view/36.

Handayani, Prima. Strata Sosial Dan Sistem Kasta Dalam Masyarakat Hindu. Surabaya: Segitiga Emas, 1995.

Hayton, Bill. “The South China Sea during the Colonial and Post-Independence Periods.” In Security Dynamics in the South China Sea, 38–61. London: Routledge, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032657493-4.

Herho, Sandy, Katarina Herho, and Raden Susanto. “Did Hydroclimate Conditions Contribute to the Political Dynamics of Majapahit?: A Preliminary Analysis.” Geographica Pannonica 27, no. 3 (2023): 199–210. https://doi.org/10.5937/gp27-44682.

Hoogervorst, Tom. “Commercial Networks Connecting Southeast Asia with the Indian Ocean.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Oxford University Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.541.

Ida Bagus Radendra Suastama, and Ida Ayu Komang Juniasih. “Aspects of Business Law in Koetara Agama: An Ancient Indonesian Law.” Sociological Jurisprudence Journal 6, no. 1 (2023): 33–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22225/scj.6.1.2023.33-40.

Irham Rosdyidi. “Reaktualisasi Model Formulasi Norma Hukum Berbasis Asas Kejujuran Konstitusi Kerajaan-Kerajaan Di Nusantara Ke Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (Kerajaan Pagarruyung, Kasunanan Surakarta, Kerajaan Bone, Dan Kesultanan Tidore).” Universitas Brawijaya, 2015.

Jacobides, Michael G, and Ioannis Lianos. “Ecosystems and Competition Law in Theory and Practice.” Industrial and Corporate Change 30, no. 5 (December 31, 2021): 1199–1229. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtab061.

Jazim Hamidi. “Re-Actualisation of Honesty as a Principle in Human Rights in the Nusantara Constitution.” Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities 26, no. 2 (2018): 675–88. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/.

Jones, Tod, and Adrian Perkasa. “Crimes against Cultures: How Local Practices of Regulation Shape Archaeological Landscapes in Trowulan, East Java.” In Moral Ecologies, 129–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06112-8_6.

Jufri, Muwaffiq. “Perbandingan Pengaturan Hak Kebebasan Beragama Antara Indonesia Dengan Majapahit.” Jurnal Konstitusi 14, no. 2 (November 2, 2017): 396. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1428.

———. “Regulation Model of Religious Rights and Freedoms for Local Religious Believers in the Majapahit Constitution.” Jurnal HAM 13, no. 3 (December 22, 2022): 539. https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2022.13.539-556.

Kamil, Muh., and Sidik Jamika. “The Role of the Javanese Diaspora in Suriname in Bridging the National Development of Indonesia.” Multidisciplinary Reviews 7, no. 11 (August 4, 2024): 2024252. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024252.

Kurniaty, Rika. “The Features and Future Challenges of Indonesian Antimonopoly Policy: Lesson Learned from Japanese Experience.” Procedia Environmental Sciences 17 (2013): 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.02.119.

Lenggu, Geby Febiola, and Ari Budi Kristanto. “Tax In Nusantara: Historical Analysis of The Fiscal Sociology Dynamics.” Perspektif Akuntansi 5, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 157–81. https://doi.org/10.24246/persi.v5i2.p157-181.

Li, Bozhong. “Fighting on Sea and Land: International Conflicts in East Asia in the Era of Early Economic Globalization.” In Guns and Ledgers, 203–53. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6323-2_5.

Lianos, Ioannis. “Competition Law as a Form of Social Regulation.” The Antitrust Bulletin 65, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 3–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003603X19898626.

Lutfillah, Novrida Q., Eko G. Sukoharsono, Aji D. Mulawarman, and Yeney W. Prihatiningtias. “The Existence of Accounting on Local Trade Activity in the Majapahit Kingdom (1293 AD -1478 AD).” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (November 2015): 783–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.168.

M.D., Pradeep. “Legal Research- Descriptive Analysis on Doctrinal Methodology.” International Journal of Management, Technology, and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2019): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.47992/ijmts.2581.6012.0075.

Maharani, Raihana Ayu, Roro Citraning Nur Haliza, Alfan Ghafar Zakaria, Nur Azkiyatuz Zahro, Rakanda Paritusta Diwangkara, and Djaliati Sri Nugrahani. “Sistem Irigasi Pertanian Masa Majapahit Dan Sumbangannya Pada Kemakmuran Negara.” JANUS 1, no. 2 (December 21, 2023): 156–70. https://doi.org/10.22146/janus.10030.

Mahendrawati, Ni Luh Made. “Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition in Indonesia: A Legal Mechanism to Balance the Public Interest.” International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (May 11, 2021): 1023–28. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.120.

Maulana Prasetya, Dion, Suyatno Ladiqi, and Mohd Affandi Salleh. “Back to the Past: The Roots of Indonesian Middlepowermanship.” Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, March 12, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911241236518.

Meliala, Aurora Jillena, and Jonathan Andre Woods. “The History of Indonesian Economic Law.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Law Studies (INCOLS 2022), 219–36. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-23-7_21.

Miksic, John N. “The Classical Cultures of Indonesia.” In Southeast Asia, 234–56. London: Routledge, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003416609-11.

Mukerjee, Rila. “An Uncertain Fortune: The Northern Bay of Bengal in the Two Melaka Eras (1402–1641).” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 65, no. 3 (May 30, 2022): 378–414. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341571.

Mustapa Khamal Rokan. Hukum Persaingan Usaha Teori Dan Praktiknya Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2019.

Padawangi, Rita. Urban Development in Southeast Asia. Elements i. Cambridge University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108669108.

Pigeaud, Theodore G. Th., and Ph. D. Leyden. “Economy and Commerce in 14th Century Majapahit.” In Java in the 14th Century, 494–504. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1962. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7133-7_34.

Purwadi. “Sistem Tata Negara Kerajaan Majapahit.” Jurnal Konstitusi 3, no. 4 (2006): 164–68.

Rahardjo, Supratikno. Peradaban Jawa Dari Mataram Kuno Sampai Majapahit Akhir. Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu, 2011.

Ramadhan, Haiqal Riski, Darminto Hartono Paulus, and Giovanni Marcello. “Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices in Business Trials in Indonesia: Reforming on Business Competition Supervisory Commission.” Journal of Law and Legal Reform 4, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 163–82. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v4i2.61043.

Ramesh, Sangaralingam. “The Chola Dynasty and Southeast Asia: 350BC to 1279AD.” In The Political Economy of India’s Economic Development: 5000BC to 2024AD, Chapter II., 117–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67004-6_4.

Rosyidin, Mohamad. “The Cult of Glory: National Myth and the Idea of Global Maritime Fulcrum in Indonesia’s Foreign Policy, 2014–2019.” South East Asia Research 29, no. 3 (July 3, 2021): 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828X.2021.1954484.

Setiadi, Hafid, Hadi Sabari Yunus, and Bambang Purwanto. “A Spatial Political-Economic Review on Urban Growth in Java under Economic Liberalization of Dutch Colonialism During the 19th Century.” Indonesian Journal of Geography 54, no. 3 (December 20, 2022). https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.60550.

Setyawati, Ria, Iman Prihandono, Lucianus Budi Kagramanto, and Stefan Koos. “Indonesia Merger Control Re-Evaluation : Twenty Years’ Experience In Legal Limbo.” Yuridika 39, no. 2 (May 17, 2024): 211–30. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v39i2.44330.

Slamet Muljana. Menuju Puncak Kemegahan (Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit). Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2009.

———. Perundang-Undangan Majapahit. Jakarta: Bhratara, 1967.

———. Tafsir Sejarah Nagara Kretagama. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2011.

Surya, Riza Afita. “VOC and Chinese in Java: Identifying the Migration Motives in the Seventeenth Century.” European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 6 (December 11, 2022): 109–17. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2022.2.6.354.

Trivedi, Harish, Harry Aveling, and Teri Yamada. “South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.” In Literature, 355–425. Wiley, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119775737.ch14.

Utami, Tanti Kirana, Rusman Rusman, and Aji Mulyana. “Digitising the Dissemination of Historical Legislation in Indonesia (Kitab Kutaramanawadharmasastra from Majapahit Kingdom).” In Changing of Law: Business Law, Local Wisdom and Tourism Industry” (ICCLB 2023), 1500–1506. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-180-7_154.

Widodo, Johannes. “The New Capital Is for the Future, Not for the Present Nor the Past: A Commentary on Nusantara Project.” In Assembling Nusantara, 9–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3533-8_2.

Wie, Thee Kian. “Competition Policy in Indonesia and the New Anti-Monopoly and Fair Competition Law.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 38, no. 3 (December 17, 2002): 331–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074910215540.

Yusa, I Gede, Bagus Hermanto, and Ni Ketut Ardani. “Law Reform as the Part of National Resilience: Discovering Hindu and Pancasila Values in Indonesia’s Legal Development Plan.” In Proceedings of the International Conference For Democracy and National Resilience (ICDNR 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211221.001.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/tlr.v7i1.28487