Environmental Communication Strategies for Sustainable Environmental Management: A Narrative Literature Review of Campaigns, Education, Advocacy, and Digital Media

Abstract

Environmental challenges, including waste management, pollution, deforestation, ecosystem degradation, and climate change, require approaches to promote behavioral change and public participation. Environmental communication plays a strategic role in raising environmental awareness, strengthening environmental literacy, and supporting sustainable environmental governance. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of environmental communication methods in environmental management through a Narrative Literature Review. The review analyzed 15 scientific publications retrieved from Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and national journal databases using identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and descriptive-thematic synthesis. The findings indicate that environmental campaigns are effective in increasing public awareness, environmental education contributes to the development of long-term pro-environmental knowledge and behavior, environmental advocacy supports policy reform and environmental governance, while digital media expands communication reach, enhances interaction, and mobilizes community participation. Each communication method demonstrates distinct strengths and limitations, indicating that no single approach is universally effective for all environmental issues. Therefore, this study proposes an Integrated Environmental Communication Strategy Model into a complementary framework for sustainable environmental management. The proposed model offers a conceptual reference for designing more adaptive, participatory, and effective environmental communication programs.