Abuse of Bankruptcy Petitions as an Anti-Competitive Instrument in Indonesia
Abstract
Indonesian bankruptcy law is formalistic because applications may be granted when requirements are proven, without an insolvency test. This creates opportunities to pressure competitors, while competition law has not addressed such conduct. This study identifies abuse of bankruptcy applications as anti-competitive instruments and formulates a regulatory model. It employs research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to the Netherlands, Germany, and United States. Comparative analysis shows that judges may assess purposes from outset, whereas Indonesian law does not provide this authority. Three modes are identified: tactical applications, bankruptcy threats as bargaining power, and exploitation of simple evidentiary requirements. The proposed model includes insolvency tests, good-faith requirements, pretrial screening, sanctions, a public register, and institutional harmonization between bankruptcy and competition regimes.
Full Text:
PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)References
Al-Amaren, Emad Mohammad, Sultan Ibrahim Aletein, and Kukuh Tejomurti. “The Mock Application of the Insolvency Law by the Jordanian Courts: Lessons Learnt from Indonesia.” Hasanuddin Law Review 8, no. 1 (2022): 30. https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v8i1.3330.
Anggraini, Anna, Ahmad Sabirin, and Farhandi Himawan. “Antitrust in Practice: Case-Based Comparative Analysis of Predatory Pricing Enforcement in Indonesia and the United States.” PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 12, no. 3 (2025): 293–310. https://doi.org/10.22304/2442-9325.1333.
Antoni, Veri, and Azka Razaga. “Legal Implication and Solution: The Exemption for Apartment and Flat De Flat Developer’s Bankruptcy Request as Insufficient t s Bankruptcy Request as Insufficient to Meet Simple Proof Requirements.” PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 12, no. 3 (2025): 311–30. https://doi.org/10.22304/2442-9325.1350.
Aprita, Serlika. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Debitor Di Indonesia Sehubungan Tidak Adanya Insolvency Test.” ADALAH 5, no. 3 (2022): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v5i3.27640.
Arora-Jonsson, Stefan, Nils Brunsson, and Raimund Hasse. “Where Does Competition Come From? The Role of Organization.” Organization Theory 1, no. 1 (2020): 2631787719889977. https://doi.org/10.1177/2631787719889977.
Ayal, Adi, and Yaad Rotem. “THE FAILING FIRM DEFENSE—AN EQUITY-BASED APPROACH.” Journal of Competition Law & Economics 15, no. 4 (2019): 468–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhz020.
Ayotte, Kenneth, Jason Roderick Donaldson, and Giorgia Piacentino. “Bankruptcy’s Trilemma: A Unifying Framework.” Journal of Legal Analysis 18, no. 1 (2026): 51–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/laaf015.
Ayu Permatasari, Cintya Sekar, and Octa Nadia Mellynda. “Temporary Measures on Bankruptcy: Alternatives to the Moratorium on Act 37/2004 in Resolving Indonesian Bankruptcy During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Lex Scientia Law Review 5, no. 2 (2021): 19–40. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v5i2.50600.
“Bankruptcy Grifters 131 Yale Law Journal 2021-2022.” Accessed September 26, 2026. https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ylr131&div=23&id=&page=.
Biehl, Henrike, Christopher Bleibtreu, and Ulrike Stefani. “The Real Effects of Financial Reporting: Evidence and Suggestions for Future Research.” Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation 54 (March 2024): 100594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2023.100594.
Bovi, Maurizio. “Tolerable Inequality According to John Rawls.” In The Dual Challenge of Tolerable Economic Inequality, by Maurizio Bovi. Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97066-5_6.
Budhisatrio, J. B., Dhaniswara K Harjono, and Binoto Nadapdap. “Permohonan Pailit Oleh Konsultan Kepada PT. Prudential Life Assurance.” Jurnal Syntax Admiration 2, no. 11 (2021): 2105–22. https://doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v2i11.337.
Candini, Tivana Arbiani, and Reisar Alka. “INSOLVENSI TES SEBAGAI DASAR PERMOHONAN PAILIT DALAM HUKUM KEPAILITAN DI INDONESIA.” Gloria Justitia 2, no. 2 (2022): 181–93. https://doi.org/10.25170/gloriajustitia.v2i2.3900.
Clark, E. F., and C. E. Foss. “When the Failing Firm Defence Fails.” Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 3, no. 4 (2012): 317–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lps023.
Dede Dewi Sartika and Erma Zahro Noor. “Akibat Hukum Kepailitan Terhadap Kreditur Dan Debitur Dalam Perspektif Hukum Bisnis.” Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora Dan Politik 5, no. 2 (2024): 924–34. https://doi.org/10.38035/jihhp.v5i2.3354.
Dedy, Dedy, Hasim Purba, Mahmul Siregar, Detania Sukarja, and Haswandi Haswandi. “Legal Theory Approach to Expediency in Filing Bankruptcy Requests and Postponement of Debt Payment Obligations in Indonesia.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Law, Economic & Good Governance (IC-LAW 2023), vol. 827, edited by Abdul Kadir Jaelani, Irwansyah Irwansyah, Fokke Fernhout, et al. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Atlantis Press SARL, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_76.
Devi, Ria Sintha, Nanci Yosepin Simbolon, Lestari Victoria Sinaga, and Muhammad Yasid. “The Bankruptcy Legal Politics in Indonesia Based on Justice Value.” Jurnal Akta 9, no. 1 (2022): 67. https://doi.org/10.30659/akta.v9i1.20842.
Diab, Ahmed, Aref M. Eissa, and Arafat Hamdy. “The Relationship between Business Strategy and Bankruptcy Risk: Does Financial Flexibility Matter? Evidence from a Developing Market.” Cogent Business & Management 12, no. 1 (2025): 2553872. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2553872.
Dirgantara, Febrian, Arif Rachman Putra, Didit Darmawan, Rafadi Khan Khayru, and Agung Satryo Wibowo. “Peran Hukum Kepailitan Dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU) Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Utang Piutang Di Indonesia.” Lexstricta : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.46839/lexstricta.v4i1.1444.
Dwi Sulistyany, Frygyta, and Seftyana Wahyu Murwani. “Insolvency Test Sebagai Metode Guna Mengatasi Permasalahan Terkait Manipulasi Kepailitan Oleh Kreditor Yang Beriktikad Buruk.” YUDHISTIRA : Jurnal Yurisprudensi, Hukum Dan Peradilan 2, no. 2 (2024): 22–32. https://doi.org/10.59966/yudhistira.v2i2.1079.
Ezrachi, Ariel. “9. Monopolies and the Abuse of Market Power.” In Competition and Antitrust Law: A Very Short Introduction, by Ariel Ezrachi. Oxford University Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198860303.003.0010.
Fahamsyah, Ermanto, Vicko Taniady, Ramadhan Dwi Saputra, Kania Venisa Rachim, and Glenn Wijaya. “The Problem of Filing for Bankruptcy in Indonesian Law: Should the Insolvency Test Mechanism Be Applied?” Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, June 30, 2024, 199–218. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v7i1.10079.
Fahmi, Chairul. “THE DUTCH COLONIAL ECONOMIC’S POLICY ON NATIVES LAND PROPERTY OF INDONESIA.” PETITA: JURNAL KAJIAN ILMU HUKUM DAN SYARIAH 5, no. 2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.22373/petita.v5i2.99.
Foster, Chase, and Kathleen Thelen. “Coordination Rights, Competition Law and Varieties of Capitalism.” Comparative Political Studies 58, no. 6 (2025): 1199–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140241259461.
Garrido, Jose, Chanda DeLong, Amira Rasekh, and Anjum Rosha. “Restructuring and Insolvency in Europe: Policy Options in the Implementation of the EU Directive.” IMF Working Papers 2021, no. 152 (2021): 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513573595.001.
Gavin, Philip. “A REJECTION OF ABSOLUTIST DUTIES AS A BARRIER TO CREDITOR PROTECTION: FACILITATING DIRECTORIAL DECISIVNESS SURROUNDING INSOLVENCY THROUGH THE BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE.” Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law 15, no. 2 (2021): 313. https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/bjcfcl/vol15/iss2/1.
Gultom, Elisatris, and Huta Disyon. “The Implementation of the Going Concern Principle in Bankruptcy and The Suspension of Payment to Protect the Economic Rights of the Parties.” PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 9, no. 3 (2022): 343–64. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v9n3.a3.
Handoyo, Sofik, Harry Suharman, Erlane K. Ghani, and Slamet Soedarsono. “A Business Strategy, Operational Efficiency, Ownership Structure, and Manufacturing Performance: The Moderating Role of Market Uncertainty and Competition Intensity and Its Implication on Open Innovation.” Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 9, no. 2 (2023): 100039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100039.
Hardeman, Erwin, and Robert Bertrand. “COVID-19 Government Grants, Liquidity Indicators and Going Concern Uncertainty.” Maandblad Voor Accountancy En Bedrijfseconomie 96, no. 3/4 (2022): 75–85. https://doi.org/10.5117/mab.96.77531.
Hartini, Rahayu. “The Ambiguity of Dismissal of Notary over Bankruptcy in Indonesia.” Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 29, no. 2 (2021): 269–85. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v29i2.15677.
Hasanah, Uswatun. Teori Hukum. SCOPINDO MEDIA PUSTAKA, 2019.
Hikmah, Nurul. “Legal Implications of the Territorial Principle on Cross-Border Insolvency in Indonesian Bankruptcy Law.” Justice Voice 3, no. 2 (2024): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.37893/jv.v3i2.1136.
Hofmann, Robin. “Formalism versus Pragmatism – A Comparative Legal and Empirical Analysis of the German and Dutch Criminal Justice Systems with Regard to Effectiveness and Efficiency.” Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 28, no. 4 (2021): 452–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211005983.
Inaya, Afifatul, Dachran S. Bustami, and Hasnan Hasbi. “Pertanggung Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Perlindungan Hukum Kreditur Pemegang Jaminan Fidusia Dalam Terjadinya Pailit Oleh Debitur.” LEGAL DIALOGICA 1, no. 1 (2025). https://jurnal.fh.umi.ac.id/index.php/legal/article/view/1592.
Jaelani, Abdul Kadir, Ahmad Dwi Nuryanto, Rakotoarisoa Maminirina Fenitra, M. Misbahul Mujib, and Resti Dian Luthviati. “Legal Protection of Employee Wage Rights in Bankrupt Companies: Evidence from China.” Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 31, no. 2 (2023): 202–23. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v31i2.25874.
Khon, Dennis Wye Keen, Muhammad Iqbal Baiquni, and Waspiah Waspiah. “Two Decades of Business Competition Law: How Has Indonesian Competition Law Transformed?” Journal of Private and Commercial Law 7, no. 1 (2023): 45–68. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpcl.v7i1.44355.
Kiemas, Andre, Juan Matheus, and Ariawan Gunadi. “Redefining Bankruptcy Law: Incorporating the Principle of Business Continuity for Fair Debt Resolution.” Rechtsidee 11, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.21070/jihr.v12i2.996.
Kobayashi, Bruce. Economics of Litigation. Vol. 1, edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.006.
“Konstruksi Hukum Kepailitan Syariah Di Indonesia.” Accessed September 26, 2026. https://bintangpusnas.perpusnas.go.id/konten/BK51225/konstruksi-hukum-kepailitan-syariah-di-indonesia.
Kristianto, Adiel Mischa, Suteki Suteki, and Mahoro Jean Claude Geofrey. “ANALYZING BANKRUPTCY CANCELLATION THROUGH THE PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY OF INTIDANA COOPERATIVE.” Indonesia Private Law Review 6, no. 1 (2025): 43–56. https://doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v6i1.4196.
Kurniawan, Itok Dwi, Pujiyono Suwadi, Soehartono Soehartono, and Acacio Fernades. “Legal Frameworks and Advocacy in Bankruptcy Restructuring: A Comparative Analysis of Financial Service Authorities in Indonesia and the United States.” Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 7, no. 1 (2025): 255–90. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v7i1.13909.
Kurniawan, Itok Dwi, Pujiyono Suwadi, Soehartono Soehartono, and Acacio Fernades. “Legal Frameworks and Advocacy in Bankruptcy Restructuring: A Comparative Analysis of Financial Service Authorities in Indonesia and the United States.” Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 7, no. 1 (2025): 255–90. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v7i1.13909.
Kusumawardana, Amanda Salsabila and Rani Apriani. “Impact of Monopoly Practices in Business Space in Indonesia According to Indonesian Regulations.” DE’RECHTSSTAAT 11, no. 1 (2025): 75–90. https://doi.org/10.30997/jhd.v11i1.7029.
Lenaerts, Annekatrien. “The General Principle of the Prohibition of Abuse of Rights: A Critical Position on Its Role in a Codified European Contract Law.” European Review of Private Law 18, no. Issue 6 (2010): 1121–54. https://doi.org/10.54648/ERPL2010082.
Lillo Lobos, Ricardo. “Modern Conceptions of Procedural Due Process and the Right to a Fair Trial in Civil Matters.” In Understanding Due Process in Non-Criminal Matters, vol. 97, by Ricardo Lillo Lobos. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Springer International Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95534-2_11.
M. P., Ram Mohan. “The Role of Insolvency Tests: Implications for Indian Insolvency Law.” Preprint, SSRN, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3823113.
Margret, Julie E. “Insolvency and Tests of Insolvency: An Analysis of the ‘Balance Sheet’ and”Cashflow” Tests.” Australian Accounting Review 12, no. 27 (2002): 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2002.tb00204.x.
Marpi, Yapiter, Pujiyono Pujiyono, and Hari Purwadi. “The Implementation of Actio Pauliana Creditor Law Bankruptcy Boedel Dispute Process to Achieve Substantive Justice.” Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan 11, no. 3 (2023): 528–38. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i3.1305.
Marpi, Yapiter, Pujiyono Pujiyono, and Hari Purwadi. “The Implementation of Actio Pauliana Creditor Law Bankruptcy Boedel Dispute Process to Achieve Substantive Justice.” Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan 11, no. 3 (2023): 528–38. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i3.1305.
M.H, Dr Lucky Dafira Nugroho, S. H. PILAR-PILAR HUKUM KEPAILITAN. Penerbit Kbm Indonesia, 2026.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin, and Eddy O. S. Hiariej. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Hukum: Memahami Kaidah, Teori, Asas, dan Filsafat Hukum. 2023; Rajawali Pers, n.d. https://rajagrafindo.co.id/produk/dasar-dasar-ilmu-hukum-memahami-kaidah-teori-asas-dan-filsafat-hukum-zainal-arifin-mochtar/.
Morree, Paulien de, ed. “The Concept of Abuse of Rights.” In Rights and Wrongs under the ECHR: The Prohibition of Abuse of Rights in Article 17 of the European Convention on Human Rights. School of Human Rights Research. Intersentia, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781780685427.006.
Muallif, Rizqi, and Elfrida Ratnawati Gultom. “ASPEK KEPAILITANDAN PENUNDAAN KEWAJIBAN PEMBAYARAN UTANG DALAM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI NASIONAL.” UNES Law Review 5, no. 4 (2023). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v5i4.
Mulyadi, Dudung, and Ibnu Rusydi. “Efektivitas Peran Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU) Dalam Penanganan Kasus Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.” Jurnal Ilmiah Galuh Justisi 5, no. 1 (2017): 81. https://doi.org/10.25157/jigj.v5i1.235.
Nainggolan, Bernard, and Kostruba Anatoliy. “The Going Concern Paradigm in Bankruptcy Process Reviewed from Regulations in Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum 40, no. 1 (2024): 272. https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v40i1.37175.
Nurse, Angus. “Law Enforcement.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 1st ed., edited by Henry N. Pontell. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.760.
Panri Tulus Harapan Hutagaol, Haposan Siallagan, and Meli Hertati Gultom. “PENGATURAN PENERAPAN ASAS PEMBUKTIAN SEDERHANA DALAM PROSES KEPAILITAN.” Kertha Semaya : Journal Ilmu Hukum 14, no. 3 (2026): 233–52. https://doi.org/10.24843/KS.2026.v14.i03.p07.
“‘PENERAPAN DOKTRIN PENYALAHGUNAAN KEADAAN (MISBRUIK VAN OMSTANDIGHEDEN)’ by Sharon Clarins.” Accessed September 26, 2026. https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/dharmasisya/vol2/iss2/1/.
Pratama, Anugrah Muhtarom, Umi Khaerah Pati, Kukuh Tejomurti, and Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad. “The Regulation of Disorgement in the Indonesia Capital Market: Remaining Concerns and Lessons from US.” Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 7, no. 2 (2022): 585–632. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i2.58666.
Putra, Farih Romdoni. “Reform of Plan Termination in Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (PKPU) in Indonesia.” Yuridika 36, no. 3 (2021): 639. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i3.30295.
Putri, Linda Kharisma, Devina Ayu Astria, Abdila Qussay Dwipa, and Miftakhur Rokhman Habibi. “Legal Consequences of Bankruptcy on Individual Debtors’ Rights and Assets in Indonesia.” International Journal of Law Dynamics Review 3, no. 1 (2025): 50–59. https://doi.org/10.62039/ijldr.v3i1.89.
Retnaningsih, Sonnyendah, and Isis Ikwansyah. “LEGAL STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL BANKRUPT DEBTORS AFTER TERMINATION OF BANKRUPTCY AND REHABILITATION UNDER INDONESIAN BANKRUPTCY LAW.” Indonesia Law Review 7, no. 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v7n1.289.
Riyanto, R. Benny, Ridwan Arifin, Nurul Fibrianti, Emmanual Laryea, and Bearlly Deo Syahputra. “Clashing Legal Realities: A Comparative Analysis of Insolvency Tests in Australia and Indonesia’s Bankruptcy Law.” Jambura Law Review 7, no. 1 (2024): 88–104. https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v7i1.27327.
Robert, Robert, and Ningrum Natasya Sirait. “The Urgency of Good Faith Principle Implementation in Indonesian Bankruptcy Regime.” JURNAL MERCATORIA 16, no. 2 (2023): 107–18. https://doi.org/10.31289/mercatoria.v16i2.8835.
Salsabila, Fatimah. “UPAYA HUKUM KASASI PADA PUTUSAN PENUNDAAN KEWAJIBAN PEMBAYARAN UTANG DITINJAU DARI CORPORATE RESCUE DOCTRINE.” Repertorium: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Kenotariatan 12, no. 2 (2023): 146–56. https://doi.org/10.28946/rpt.v12i2.3141.
Sarbini, Sarbini, Hufron Hufron, and Chamdani Chamdani. “The Concept of Legal Protection of Outsourced Workers to Realize Worker Welfare.” Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune, March 6, 2026, 301–21. https://doi.org/10.30996/jhbbc.v9i1.132483.
Senia Lutfi Fadilah, Elisatris Gultom, and Sudaryat. “Asas Keseimbangan Dalam Hukum Kepailitan Indonesia: Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Niaga Nomor 37/Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2021/PN Jkt.Pst.” Jurnal Cendekia Hukum Indonesia 1, no. 2 (2025): 390–98. https://doi.org/10.71417/jchi.v1i2.36.
Shahid, Subhan, Mokter Hossain, and Masoud Karami. “Entrepreneurial Exit: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda.” The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, January 7, 2026, 14657503251410904. https://doi.org/10.1177/14657503251410904.
Shubhan, M. Hadi. “FENOMENA HUKUM PENGAJUAN KEPAILITAN TERHADAP PENGUSAHA OLEH PEKERJA KARENA HAK PEKERJA YANG TIDAK DIBAYAR PENGUSAHA.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 50, no. 2 (2020): 519. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol50.no2.2589.
Shubhan, M. Hadi. “Legal Protection of Solvent Companies from Bankruptcy Abuse in Indonesian Legal System.” Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 2 (2020): 142. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0031.
Siddiqui, Nausheen. “Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR) in Commercial Disputes: Effectiveness and Challenges.” Preprint, SSRN, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5197398.
Silalahi, Udin, Adeline Lo, Natasya Edgina Chen, and Nicole Baretta. “The Urgency of Applying Insolvency Test on General Corporate Bankruptcy under the Regime of Law Number 37 of 2004.” SIGn Jurnal Hukum 7, no. 2 (2025): 886–900. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v7i2.541.
Singal, Avriel Silvio Delano, Dhymaz Satria Pramono, and Joseph Hugo Vieri Iusteli Sira Kira. “Dominant Positions and Monopolistic Practices in Indonesian Competition Law: Posisi Dominan Dan Praktik Monopoli Dalam Hukum Persaingan Usaha Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review 21, no. 2 (2026). https://doi.org/10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1549.
Siregar, Benito. “Effectiveness of Law Enforcement on Corporate Bankruptcy Status.” Global Legal Review 4, no. 1 (2024): 17. https://doi.org/10.19166/glr.v4i1.6077.
Song, Hao, and Xiaoxia Zhao. “The Unexpected Consequences of Company Bankruptcy: An Investigation into the Spillover Effect of Local Economic Liquidation.” Finance Research Letters 61 (March 2024): 104992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.104992.
Sunarmic, Edi Yunara, Sumurung P. Simaremare, Bismar Nasution,. “Reviewing the Comparison of the Legal Bankruptcy System Between Indonesia and the Netherlands.” Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (2021): 2290–96. https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.4834.
Surahman, Surahman, and Siti Zulfa Masruroh. “Abuse Application Bankruptcy as a Deterrent Strategy Business Competition in Indonesia.” Kosmik Hukum 26, no. 3 (2026): 735–52. https://doi.org/10.30595/kosmikhukum.v26i3.32181.
Tan, David, Lu Sudirman, and Jasisca Fiorentine. “The Urgency to Renew Bankruptcy Law Requirements and Summary Proof in Indonesia.” Legal Spirit 8, no. 1 (2024): 113. https://doi.org/10.31328/ls.v8i1.5081.
Tarmizi, Tarmizi. “ANALISIS HUKUM PERSAINGAN USAHA DI INDONESIA DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 2019.” Shar-E : Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Hukum Syariah 8, no. 1 (2022): 151–60. https://doi.org/10.37567/shar-e.v8i1.986.
Taylor, Lynne. “A Comparative Analysis of the Australian and New Zealand Liquidation Schemes.” International Insolvency Review 32, no. 1 (2023): 60–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/iir.1492.
Toha, Kurnia. “Urgensi Amandemen UU Tentang Persaingan Usaha Di Indonesia: Problem Dan Tantangan.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49, no. 1 (2019). https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no1.1166.
Udofia, Dr Kubi. “Establishing Corporate Insolvency: The Balance Sheet Insolvency Test.” Preprint, SSRN, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3355248.
Watts, Lynelle, and David Hodgson. “Distributive Theories of Justice.” In Social Justice Theory and Practice for Social Work, by Lynelle Watts and David Hodgson. Springer Singapore, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3621-8_7.
Wibowo, Pascalis Dani Kristi. “COMPETITION LAW IN INDONESIA: SOCIO-LEGAL APPROACH.” Indonesian Law Journal 18, no. 2 (2025): 173–94. https://doi.org/10.33331/ilj.v18i2.197.
Zhang, Kai, and Jingchen Zhao. “Artificial Intelligence and Liquidation: Reality, Destiny and Fantasy.” International Insolvency Review, August 13, 2026, iir.70053. https://doi.org/10.1002/iir.70053.
Zhao, Jinxian, Jamal Ouenniche, and Johannes De Smedt. “Survey, Classification and Critical Analysis of the Literature on Corporate Bankruptcy and Financial Distress Prediction.” Machine Learning with Applications 15 (March 2024): 100527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mlwa.2024.100527.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/il.v7i1.36336
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Iniciolegis is licensed under Lisensi Internasional Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 .
Abstracts and Indexing
This journal is indexed in Google Scholar , Garuda.kemendikbud , Dimensions , Crossref , dan Sinta
.jpg){kind=logo}
