ANALYSIS OF LEADING FOOD CROP COMMODITIES IN CENTRAL SULAWESI REGENCIES/CITIES IN 2017-2021

Abstracts This research analyzes the superior and competitive food crop commodities in Central Sulawesi from 2017 to 2021. Methods used include Static Symmetric Location Quotient and Dynamic Symmetric Location Quotient. The data used are secondary data on food crop production obtained from the BPS website and agricultural offices in all districts and cities in Central Sulawesi. The analysis reveals the following leading commodities: rice in Toli Toli Regency, corn in Banggai Islands Regency, soybeans in Morowali, Poso, Donggala, Tojo Una - Una, and North Morowali Regencies, mung beans in various regions, cassava in Donggala, Tolitoli, Buol, and Parigi Moutong Regencies, and sweet potatoes in various regions. The competitive commodities include corn, soybeans, peanuts, and sweet potatoes in several districts. The leading and competitive commodities are corn in Banggai Islands and Poso Regencies, soybeans in Morowali, Poso, and Donggala Regencies, peanuts in Donggala and Tolitoli Regencies, and sweet potatoes in Morowali and Poso Regencies..


INTRODUCTION
Agricultural sector is the value of agricultural products from the sub-sectors of food crops, plantations, Animalstock, forestry, fishery and agricultural services and accumulated in total agricultural production 1 . The agricultural sector is a sector that still supply a relatively high contribution to national economy, even though there has been a transformation in the economic structure marked by lower contribution in agricultural sector 2 . In the 1970s the contribution of the agricultural sector to the national economy still dominated, reaching 53.92 percent. However, until 2021 (quarter II) the contribution of the agricultural sector will only be 13.57 percent 3 . Conditions are in tune with the economy in Central Sulawesi. Contribution of the agricultural sector towards Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) reached 29.62 percent in 2016 and has continued to decline for 5 years until in 2020 the contribution of the agricultural sector will be 22.06 percent 4 . Nonetheless, the contribution of the agricultural sector to Central Sulawesi's GRDP is still quite high 5 .
Special consideration is needed for agricultural sector growth from both central and regional governments because in addition to contributing to the country's and regional economies, the agricultural sector is also a producer of strategic commodities 6 because Indonesia's population is quite large and constitutes a basic need as staple food for the Indonesian population 7 , besides that the agricultural sector also fundamental for economy in rural areas and could become a policy instrument in regional income distribution 8 .
Strategic issues related to agricultural development include production adequacy, increasing and strengthening the competitiveness of agricultural products both at home and abroad, food diversification and improving the standard of living of farmers 9 . To achieve this strategic issue, several policies could be pursued to escalate potential of output base and scale of agricultural businesses, qualified agricultural human resources, fulfillment of agricultural infrastructure, innovation, financing systems, strong institutions, protection of farmers and areas for the development of superior commodities (DAS-BIN, 2017) Two important points of concern in this research are the potential production base and regional development of superior commodities 10 .
Food crops sub-sector is one of several sub-sectors which produce a fairly high contribution to the economy after plantation sub-sector. The food crops sub-sector's contribution to GRDP reached 3.21 percent in the second quarter of 2021 11 . For the Central Sulawesi region, the contribution was 2.15 percent in 2020, lower than plantation crops (9.68 percent). However, it needs to be a concern considering that the food crops sub-sector is a sub-sector that produces strategic commodities which concern basic human needs 12 . Availability of food in sufficient quantities for all domestic people is an important point in the concept of sustainable agricultural growth, thus government, especially local governments, should identify food crop commodities as superior commodities so that they can carry out policies for sustainable agricultural development in the long term. which will come. "Sustainable agricultural development is a perspective for maintaining sustainability and achieving food sovereignty and increasing the standard of living of farmers 13 . "Sustainable agriculture is defined as an integrated system of production practices of fauna and flora on site and has the long-term capability of meeting human food and fiber needs" 14 .
Regional development including spatial dimensions onto the analysis, so that it has a more specific character when compared to general economic development. Classical economists argue that capital is the key to progress 15 . The same thing was stated in Keynesian theory that there is an indirect relationship between income and employment through investment 16 . Several other neoclassical economic growth models, including the Harrod-Domar and Solow growth model, assume that economic growth is largely determined by capital factors 17,18 . However, some of these theories ignore the location factor of a development. Von Tunen and Weber are pioneers of area-based development through a theory developed, namely "location theory". Von Tunen argued that the formation of an area caused by the existence of agricultural areas 19 . This theory was further developed by Weber which emphasizes the selection of industrial locations by companies 20 . Subsequent developments emphasize local-based development or what is commonly referred to as "local economic development". Cansanelli (2001) defines local economic growth as a participatory process that encourages and facilitates partnerships between local stakeholders 21 , enabling the design and implementation of joint strategies, primarily based on competitive use of local resources, with the aim of creating equal employment opportunities and sustainable economic activities 22 .
Economic Base Theory is a regional development framework which assumes that the demand towards inputs can only increase through the expansion of demand for output produced by primary sector (export) and non-primary sector (local or service) 23 . Demand for local sector production can only increase if local income increases so that according to economic basis theory that regional exports are a determining factor in economic development 24 .
Several researches in Indonesia have conducted an analysis to specify a superior food crop commodities. Identification of food crop commodities in Tasikmalaya Regency uses the Location Quotient approach by comparing the contribution of food crop production in sub-district area to contribution of food crop production in the district area 25 . 26 also conducted the same research using Location Quotient analysis but used GRDP as a variable to calculate LQ. Analysis of Leading Food Crop Commodities in Pemalang Regency using the Location Quotient approach to identify the comparative advantage of a region in terms of food crop agricultural commodities and the CSD (Custom Standard Deviation) approach to identify regional competitiveness 27  commodities in food crop sub-sector in the agroecological zone in Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta through an overlay process using LQ, Shift Share Analysis and Agroecological Zones with ArcGis software 28 . This research is different from several previous researches. This research identifies leading commodities using the Static Symmetric Location Quotient (SSLQ) approach and Dynamic Symmetric Location Quotient (DSLQ) to identify superior commodities for 13 urban districts in Central Sulawesi Province so that they can become recommendations for the government regions 29 in developing these superior commodities and making them as local commodities 30 .
Based on the background description, this research are important to specify and identify food crop commodities as superior and competitive commodities from the production aspect so that they can become a reference for local governments in developing commodities which are regional strengths based on local potential. For this reason, main goal of this research is "Analyzing food crop commodities which are superior and competitive commodities for districts/cities in Central Sulawesi for the 2017-2021 period

Research Type
Based on the objectives to be achieved, this research uses a descriptive research type. "Descriptive research is research that intends to make systematic, factual and accurate (descriptive) predictions about facts and characteristics in certain areas that explain how they are interconnected to get a meaning or implication. This research uses a descriptive research type because this research is a research that aims to determine the leading commodities of food crop commodities in Central Sulawesi Province in 2017-2021. Based on this understanding, it is hoped that it can provide relatively appropriate directions in solving research problems so that the objectives and uses of research can be achieved 31 .

Research Scope and Location
Scope of this research covers all types of food crop commodities consisting of rice, corn, peanuts, soybeans, tubers from 13 (thirteen) districts and cities in Central Sulawesi. The research location was determined purposively, namely Central Sulawesi Province with the consideration that Central Sulawesi Province is an area whose economy is supported by the agricultural sector 32 . The agricultural sector has a fairly large role in the 28 Mulyono dan Munibah. 29 Richardson, H. W. (1978). Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Ekonomi Regional Terjamahan Paul Sitohang (Edisi Revi

Data Type and Sources
Type of data used in this research is quantitative data. Quantitative data is data in the form of numbers or calculation results 34 . In this research, the data to be used in the analysis of leading commodities is quantitative data in the form of food crop production data, land area, food crop export value data both in the form of time series and cross sections covering 13 urban districts in Central Sulawesi Province.
Source of data used in research is secondary data. Secondary data is data obtained from documents/publications/research reports from offices/agencies or other supporting data sources 35 . This research will find data through publications and documentation from both the Provincial BPS, Regency BPS and Provincial and District Agriculture Services as well as other data from literature and information from related agencies. Data tracing will be carried out to several district/city agricultural offices if necessary.

Population and Sample
Considering that the data used for the analysis of leading commodities is secondary data, the population in this research is time series data from all urban districts in Central Sulawesi. However, this research limits the analysis based on the publication of the most recent data, so the sample in this research is to collect 5-year time series data from 13 (thirteen) urban districts in Central Sulawesi, namely time series data for 2017 to 2021.

Collecting Data Method
Data collection techniques in this research were documentation and literature. Documentation means that researchers collect document material obtained from BPS Central Sulawesi Province, government agencies or research institutions as well as other research results.

Analytical Method
This research will use 3 (three) analytical method approaches in accordance with the objectives to be achieved. The first objective is to identify and analyze superior commodities using the Static Symmetric Location Quotient (SSLQ) and Dynamic Symmetric Location Quotient (DSLQ) approaches. Thus the following is the formulation for the analysis of superior commodities in 13 (thirteen) districts and cities in Central Sulawesi:

Outcome of SSLQ and DSLQ Analysis and Determination of Superior Commodities
Determination of leading commodities in this research using SSLQ and DSLQ approaches. SSLQ approach is a formulation that compares the contribution of food crop production in the research area to the contribution of food crops in the reference area. Rice commodity as reviewed from a production level is higher than other commodities for food crops, but the production level is almost evenly distributed across all districts/cities in Central Sulawesi province so that from a comparative aspect of production levels and comparative production growth rates for the districts as the research area of Sulawesi Province as a reference region, this commodity is not found as a leading commodity. In contrast to other commodities, the level of production owned by each district is more varied. There are districts that have high levels of production and there are areas with low levels of production. So that when SSLQ and DSLQ analyzes are applied, there will be areas that are superior for these particular commodity types.
In addition to the leading commodity category, based on the results of the analysis it was also found that there were three types of commodities as Superior and competitive commodities such as, Corn, Peanuts and Sweet potatoes. Corn is a superior and competitive commodity for the Regencies of Morowali, Tolitoli, Parigi Moutong and Banggai Laut. Meanwhile, peanuts are a leading and competitive commodity for the Regencies of Moroali, Poso, Buol and Sigi. Superior Commodity means that the comparison between the average production growth of certain commodities to the average production growth of all commodities in the research area to the reference area is positive, thus that Corn, peanuts and sweet potatoes have a positive average production growth in the research period , but the contribution is negative.
Other categories based on the analytical approach used are also commodities with prospective and powerful commodity categories. Prospective means the comparative value between the contribution of production of certain commodities to the total production of food crop commodities in the research area and the contribution of certain commodity production to the total production of food crop commodities in the reference area. The research found that there was only one type of commodity, namely corn, in the Buol Regency area

CONCLUSION
Outcome of the analysis and research findings based on the objectives to be achieved in this research, the conclusions of this research include: This study uses SSLQ and DSLQ From the calculation results of this approach, this study has limitations in developing research variables because the variables in this study are independent variables using production level data. For this reason, the suggestions put forward for further research consider variables related to the variables that affect the level of production.