Nation Aging and Development Dilemma

We are attempting to find the effect of nation aging to development in the countriesJapan, China, Brunei, Iran, Cambodia, and Russia. This research employed a quantitative descriptive method and adopted Boston Consulting Group Matrix as the mapping model based on the ratio of shares in the number of the sample countries which is measured by the total percentage. We found that countries with a high growth rate of GDP per population tend to undergo a declining productivity. Demographic factors greatly influence GDP and worth consideration incoming up with sustainable development planning. This paper has contribution to the government to re-derive the policy regarding to nation aging perspective. Sejarah artikel: Diterima Desember 2018 Disetujui Desember 2018 Dipublikasikan Maret


INTRODUCTION
Development planning is firmly grounded on knowledge, experience, culture and technology as well as a state's political policy (Lewis, 1966;Chenery & Bowles, 1971;Dale, 2006).Development planning of a nation is largely linked to its economy (Dale, 2006).A nation's economy has a pervasive effect on the overall activities of the state and the people therein.(Lewis, 1966;Chenery & Bowles, 1971).
The development of a nation is closely related to the medium of exchange used (Hildebrand, 1848).Before 1760, the entire world relied heavily on the nature for economy in terms of agriculture, husbandry, fishery and marine resources.It does not mean that manufacturing activity was not available then for cotton had developed since 9000 BC (Ashton, 1997;Wolfe, 2016;Beckert, 2015).The industrial revolution began in England in 1760 with the ban imposed on the export of machinery and skilled workers (Ashton, 1997;Wolfe, 2016).It was set on the manufacturing history as the backdrop especially the cotton manufacture that took place in 9000 BC and spread to all parts of the world.The international cotton trade began in 2000 BC (Beckert, 2015).The cotton was processed into a fabric for the very first time in 800 BC in India using churka roller gin.The fabric trading and spinning machinery technology has been put to a great use in Europe since 100 BC and the global textile tra-ding has been increasingly on the rise and has connected the dots until today (Smith & Cothren, 1999, Beckert, 2015;Riello , 2013).
The churka roller gin used in England since 1600 developed into various spinning machinery such as flying shuttle crafted by John Kay in 1733 and further into James Hargreves's spinning jenny in 1767.Since 1750 30,000 labors in England worked on the spinning that which was accounted for one of the driving forces of the economic growth (Smith & Cothren, 1999, Riello,2013).In 1760, England prohibiting the export of machinery and skilled labors marked the start of the industrial revolution with the invention of James Watt's steam engine in 1769 (Ashton, 1997;Wolfe, 2016;Smith & Cothren, 1999).Since the Industrial revolution in the United Kingdom, the Industry has flourished throughout the world.There are two alternative state economic developments all over the world namely, agriculture-based or industry-based development (Bairoch&Leboyerd, 1981).

LITERATURE REVIEW
Planning constitutes a part of the management or governance process.The Development planning of a State comprises a part of the state governance which is mandatory to the government.Planning itself is derived from a rationalization or thinking result embedded in the experience and organizational governance culture (Lewis, 1966;Chenery & Bowles, 1971;Dale, 2006).
The government is an organization which has the authority for the state management, 1971).An organization has a material and human resources to avail (Foley, 1986;Piketty, 2018).Money can purchase material resources while humans are organizational properties.They render help and support to the organization and receive money in return for the support and aid they have provided for the organization.So it can be said that human resources serve as a form of human aid and support to the organization.And, humans have the ownership of their own (Piketty, 2018;Andrews, 2009;Bales, 1999).
A state will never be capable of building its country if it is devoid human support.And the people thereof constitute the great potential to render assistance and support of all sorts crucial to the government.So, the greater the population is, the more abundant potential human resources which can be capitalized on for the nation building are.This is closely related to demographic governance in the country's economic development (Veterník & Gogola, 2017;Maragh, 2017;Rana & Goli, 2018).
The fertility rate, the retirement age, and the productive working force have a substantial effect on the productivity of the population of a country (Veterník & Gogola, 2017;Maragh, 2017;Rana & Goli, 2018).However, in terms of the economic development, unemployment poses a discrete cost which a country is obliged to bear.Unemployment signifies an absence of participation in the country's economic development (Marukawa, 2017;Feng et al, 2017;You & Wang, 2018).

RESEARCH METHOD
This research employed a quantitative descriptive method and adopted Boston Consulting Group Matrix as the mapping model based on the ratio of shares in the number of the sample countries which is measured by the total percentage.It results in the formation of objective which is formed on the basis of statistical data derived from world bank data and in-depth analysis conducted on the cause and effect in terms of the the description of the statistical data mapping that provides an objective picture as the basis of development planning.Variables employed in creating the BCG model map are delineated in the following variable description table:

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
It is known that Japan has the highest GDP per population out of the six countries, and is consecutively followed by Brunei and Russia.The Economic Population Participation of 52% and the population ages above 65 years of 27% indicate the high productivity of each Japanese actively participating.Japan has seen declining productivity in terms of the industrial sector by 3%, that has an effect on the dwindling of GDP by 17 % with concomitant agriculture growth of 0%.However, the monthly GDP per population remains very high at $ 3,202.00 per month.This shows that Japan has begun to come to the enjoyment of the economic growth as the result of the development thus far in spite of the unfavorable disadvantages of population demography.
Brunei whose major income comes from oil, experiences a declining GDP.It registers a country with above average GDP per population of the six countries studied.With the number of population aged above 65% which is still rated below the average, Brunei Darussalam stands the chance of elevating its growth rate of GDP which is currently at-13%.
Although China and Cambodia have a very high growth rate of GDP by 50%, their GDP / P is still relatively below average.This signifies the universal prosperity level of China and Cambodia is still

Table 1 Variable Description
below Japan and Brunei.The alarming economic state confronts Iran with Russian following its footstep in terms of the below average GDP per population and economic growth.
In order to see the respective position of the six countries in the BCG matrix, the criteria for Gross Domestic Product Population (GDP / P) and Gross Domestic Product Growth (GDPG) are employed and presented in table 3 as follows: Country classified as an economic Cash Cow is the one experiencing steady growth after going through the previous Star condition.The country enjoy the result of the developement indicated by above average growth of GDP / P despite suffering from the negative or below average GDPG.However, when GDP is negative it should not mean that it is alright for the country to let the productivity decline and revel in the results of development without deliberately considering the level of prosperity in the future.Countries in for the cashcow condition may have used resources available to the maximum that innovating is a necessary measure in order to elevate or maintain the GDP growth that it may be able to bounce back into a Star condition as they have experienced before.
Star countries are the ones showing the good economic performance, with high growth rates of GDP and high GDP per population.But when you have fully capitalized on the use of resources available, Star countries will become the next cashcow.
Countries categorized into the question mark criteria are the ones in a doubtful condition whether they are going to fall into a Dog condition or continue making strides to become Star.Countries categorized into dog criteria are confronted with sinister conditions because they lapse into a low growth of GDP per population and a low level of economic growth and when it is even worse when it continues to be negative.They need to struggle for improvements and put economic resources to maximum use.
The mapping results using the BCG Matrix based on BCG Matrix criteria, Japan and Brunei are classified cash cow   In development planning, of course, each country has varied extent of industrial and agricultural effect on GDP growth.In order to map out the country's economy, it is of necessity to do it by measuring the effect of industry and agriculture on the economy to discover in which direction the concentration of development will be implemented.Table 5 depicts the the effect of Industry and agriculture on GDP growth and the elderly burden that Economic Population Participation has to bear.
Based on the Impact Matrix Agriculture and Industry, of the six countries studied, the industrial sector is seen to have a greater effect than the agricultural sector in 2017.Japan is the country with the greatest elderly burden to bear that requires constantly increased investment in the industry sector in order to take in the unemployed and thus mitigate the heavy elderly burden.

CONCLUSION
Countries with a high growth rate of GDP per population tend to undergo a declining productivity as what has occurred in Brunei that is marked by the elderly burden of only 9% and below average unemployment of only 7% but GDP growth is negative 13%.The possible cause of Japan's economic slowdown is the heavy Elderly Burden which is very high at 36%.Hence, it can be concluded that demographic factors greatly influence GDP and worth consideration incoming up with sustainable development planning.Despite declining agriculture and industry experienced China sees a very high growth rate of GDP by 50%.This signifies that China receives cash in flow from China's FDI abroad that even though domestic agriculture and industry are declining, China has the ability to obtain GDP from cash in flow.Iran and Russia are in the alarming economic state which is vividly depicted in the BCG Matrix.
countries whereas China and Cambodia fall into the Question Mark category.Iran and Russia fall into the Dog category.Each criterion provides the overview of the economic status.As previously explained, the Cash Cow criterion signifies the necessity to discover new resources or new alternatives crucial in elevating the GDP.Star criteria seeks to maximize growth while conducting increasing research to anticipate the maximum investment limit.The question mark criterion necessitates a focus on the advantages one has and exercising increased discretion in investing in the areas beyond the bounds of advantage which leads to vulnerability to slumping into the Dog position.Dog position is the most unfavorable position, yet it is not a position to succumb.Dog position is a position where rethinking and searching for solutions to cope with the adversity and rise up.

Table 4 BCG Matrix Result Table 5 Agriculture and Industry Impact Matrix and Elderly Burden Result Source
: World Bank 2018, Processed

Table 6 Average Population Growth, Unemployment and Labor Force Source
: World Bank 2018, Processed