Implementation Of Cipoo Model ( Context , Input , Process , Output And Outcome ) In Poverty Reduction Based On Prime Potentials

Poverty is a classic problem caused by economic and non-economic factors such as cultural, sociological, political and geographical issues. Efforts to alleviate poverty can be done through community empowerment. Empowerment is the creation of an atmosphere or climate that allows excellent potential to grow. Wonogiri is the second largest regency in Central Java, with diverse prime potentials, but not yet able to boost its economic growth. This leads to relatively high poverty in this regency. GDP growth per capita is much lower than that of Solo Raya, Provincial and National, which shows that Wonogiri people’s welfare is relatively lower compared to other regions. The main objective of this research is to develop a poverty reduction model based on prime potentials through the implementation of CIPOO (Context, Input, Process, Output and Outcome) model in Wonogiri by (1) identifying local resource-based economic potentials; (2) analyzing factors affecting community empowerment and participation in inclusive development activities; and (3) analyzing the development process of each subdistrict. The research method used is Sequential Mixed Method with analytical tools used include Geographic Information System (GIS), CIPOO analysis, Focus Group Discussion, in-depth interview, and Klassen Typology. The results showed that the greatest potential in Wonogiri district is agriculture especially horticulture, fisheries, plantation, animal husbandry, and tourism. The gap between sub-districts is very high as indicated by high Gini index and Klassen typology. Therefore, the poverty alleviation model with participatory CIPPO is appropriate for Wonogiri regency. Sejarah artikel: Diterima Desember 2018 Disetujui Desember 2018 Dipublikasikan Maret


A B S T R A C T Informasi Artikel
Poverty is a classic problem caused by economic and non-economic factors such as cultural, sociological, political and geographical issues. Efforts to alleviate poverty can be done through community empowerment. Empowerment is the creation of an atmosphere or climate that allows excellent potential to grow. Wonogiri is the second largest regency in Central Java, with diverse prime potentials, but not yet able to boost its economic growth. This leads to relatively high poverty in this regency. GDP growth per capita is much lower than that of Solo Raya, Provincial and National, which shows that Wonogiri people's welfare is relatively lower compared to other regions. The main objective of this research is to develop a poverty reduction model based on prime potentials through the implementation of CIPOO (Context, Input, Process, Output and Outcome) model in Wonogiri by (1) identifying local resource-based economic potentials; (2) analyzing factors affecting community empowerment and participation in inclusive development activities; and (3) analyzing the development process of each subdistrict. The research method used is Sequential Mixed Method with analytical tools used include Geographic Information System (GIS), CIPOO analysis, Focus Group Discussion, in-depth interview, and Klassen Typology. The results showed that the greatest potential in Wonogiri district is agriculture especially horticulture, fisheries, plantation, animal husbandry, and tourism. The gap between sub-districts is very high as indicated by high Gini index and Klassen typology. Therefore, the poverty alleviation model with participatory CIPPO is appropriate for Wonogiri regency.

INTRODUCTION
Poverty is a classic problem caused by economic and non-economic factors such as cultural, sociological, political and geographical issues. The success of poverty alleviation programs in Indonesia depends on the approaches taken, such as integrated, mutual cooperation, self-help, empowerment, decentralized and local approaches and the target communities. (Brodjonegoro, 2004). Empowerment and participation are key words in endogenous economic development. These two keywords require the direct involvement of local organizations or functional groups of citizens who are able to become active agents in their own development process. (Fernández-Moral et al, 2015). Empowerment needs to be unique in accordance with the local conditions of the community. In some cases, groups are not created spontaneously but are triggered by external stimuli in accordance with external institutions that support community development. Such external institutions consist of academics, business, community and government that will support community development. These institutions help target communities by identifying and prioritizing their needs and increasing their ability to design steps to meet these needs (Shucksmith, 2000). The external institutions also assist in planning, facilitation, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. Evaluation is an important method in a process to assess how far the outcomes are in accordance with the objectives, and the problems that become drivers or inhibitors in the empowerment process (Wandersman & Snell-johns, 2005).
Poverty alleviation programs in Indonesia can be divided into four clusters: (1) family-based social aid, (2) poverty alleviation based on community empowerment, (3) poverty alleviation based on micro and small economic empowerment, (4) improvement and expansion of programs that favor the people. One important point in poverty alleviation is empowerment and participatory methods.
In essence, empowerment is the creation of an atmosphere or climate that allows prime or superior potential to develop. This logic assumes that every community has power but sometimes they do not realize it or the power is not yet developed. Empowerment should not lead the community into a dependency trap, but rather into independence. Empowerment has several stages, namely: 1) Awareness and behavior formation towards conscious and caring behavior so the community feels that they need to increase their capacity; 2) Transformation of skills in the form of knowledge and skills so the community is able to participate in development; 3) Improvement of intellectual abilities and skills so that initiatives and innovative abilities are formed to deliver independence.
Based on the definition of empowerment above, Korten categorizes development in developing countries into three models: community development, community participation, and decentralization. Empirical conditions indicate that public participation is still far from the desired expectations. Three important actors related to empowerment, namely the government, the private sector and the community are yet successful in implementing various empowerment models that are expected to be able to provide the power to build the poor with the strength they have. The current system of governance in Indonesia is decentralization, where the central government delegates certain authorities to local governments to regulate and develop their respective territories.
The economic review states that there are 3 important forces developed in the empowerment model: (1) human power, which includes qualitative and quantitative descriptions and portraits covering aspects of education, knowledge, skills and management aspects; (2) environmental power, potential developed based on geographical and natural conditions of the region; (3) economic power, the ability to generate added value to gain higher economic value in order to achieve community empowerment. For the development of this economic aspect, CIPOO (Context, Input, Process, Output and Outcome) analysis is needed.
In detail, the CIPOO analysis is explained as follows (Sulistyani Teguh, 2004): 1. Context, which include the following aspects: a) Institutional: how the institutions formed in the region can accommodate various elements of partnership interests between the government, the private sector and the community, including which parties will handle the form and model of partnership that will be developed. b) The management system: in analyzing partnerships, the system is directed at the functions of policy analysis, finance, human relations, information, and external relations. The expected output is an efficient partnership model. c) Organizational performance: how organizations in partnership work and succeed with indicators such as efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, accountability and prioritizing service quality. d) Material mastery 2. Input, namely the overall potential both internal and external that contributes to partnership efforts 3. The process, the steps taken in the partnership framework and consists of a) Capacity Building, b) New Public Management, c) Performance, d) Substance through the organization of knowledge, attitude, practice. 4. Output, the result of processing the elements in the partnership which include: a) The emergence of strong/established partnership organizations, b) The production of managerial skills in each element of partnership, c) The emergence of a strong and professional partnership performance The expected outcomes of this process are the emergence of clear and strong forms and procedures of partnership that provide benefits for all regional stakeholders, especially in increasing the economic potential of the community.
The main objective of this study is to develop a prime potential-based poverty alleviation model through the implementation of the CIPOO (Context, Input, Process, Output and Outcome) model in Wonogiri Regency by (1) identifying the economic potential based on local resources, (2) analyzing the development process, and (3) analyzing the factors that influence the increase in empowerment and community participation in inclusive development activities.

METHODOLOGY
This study used sequential mixed methods, a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis sequentially using primary and secondary data. Secondary data was obtained through literature study and study of relevant documents. Primary data was obtained from (1) observation on the community and community leaders. (2) Focus Group Discussion (FGD) conducted by inviting local government, business community, households and stakeholders.
(3) in-depth interviews with government officials.
Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis was used to answer the first objective by mapping the economic potential in Wonogiri, while to answer the second goal, the LQ and Klassen typology analysis were used. The third objective was answered using qualitative analysis so that a CIPOO-based poverty reduction model was developed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The development of an area cannot be separated from the influence of regional, national and global economies. One analysis used to determine the position of an area over the area above it is Klassen typology. The indicators used to calculate Klassen typology are income per capita and economic growth, which are then divided into 4 quadrants: 1) fastdeveloping developed areas, 2) developed but depressed areas, 3) fast-developing areas, and 4) underdeveloped areas.
Based on this analysis, compared to all regencies in Central Java, Wonogiri is included in Quadrant IV or underdeveloped region, where the average income per capita and economic growth is below the average of regencies in Central Java. Compared to the surrounding regencies, Wonogiri is also still less developed, where Surakarta, Karanganyar and Sragen are fast developing developed regions while Boyolali, Sukoharjo and Klaten are fast developing regions.
Regional development aims to improve community welfare. One important indicator to measure the success of an area is the Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI is a composite index of economic, education and health variables. The economy of a region may have progressed every year, but its HDI score may not improve, or conversely there are regions with normal economies, but its HDI actually improves. This pattern can be studied using a modification of Typology Klassen with two indicators: HDI and Per capita Income.
Based on this analysis, Wonogiri is categorized as an area with a high human development index, but low income, similar to Boyolali and Klaten. Meanwhile, Surakarta, Sragen, Karanganyar and Source: Data processed, 2017 Figure 2

. Regional Development Typology Based on Income and Human Development Index
Sukoharjo are regions with high income and human development indices. Poverty is also a key indicator for measuring development success. Data from the Central Bureau of Statistics over the past 20 years shows that poverty reduction in Wonogiri has been very significant, as shown in Table1.
Different endowment factors and different approaches to development between regions lead to different economic developments. Klassen typology can be used to identify areas that have high economic development and those with low development. Using GRDP and economic growth data in each sub-district, the typology of the development of each subdistrict can be identified. Table 1 Poverty Rates in Wonogiri Source: Central Java BPS Data processed

Table 2 Typology of Sub-district Development in Wonogiri 2014
Based on the analysis, there are still many sub-districts that are underdeveloped or quadrant 4. Therefore, it is necessary to improve economic welfare by utilizing their economic potential. BPS data shows that the largest production of palawija is cassava, which is evenly distributed in all sub-districts with the highest production being Pracimantoro and Ngadirojo. The second largest production is corn, with the largest producers being Giriwoyo and Pracimantoro. The third largest production is peanuts with the largest production being Ngadirojo and Giriwoyo.
Other potentials in Wonogiri are plantations, especially fruits. The highest yield was mango with 206,173 trees with Kismantoro and Eromoko as the largest producers. The next fruit potential is banana with 204,378 trees, with Karangtengah and Jatisrono as the biggest producers. The next fruit potential is Rambutan with 82,369 trees, with Sidoharjo and Jatisrono having the highest number of trees. Next is stink bean with 66,345 trees, with Karangtengah and Ngadirojo having the highest number. Other fruit production is jackfruit, melinjo (Gnetum Gnemon), papaya and durian.
Coconut plantations cover 17,958 trees, with an even distribution in almost all sub-districts, with Paranggupito known as the largest maker of coconut sugar in Wonogiri. The next plantation is coffee with 7,196 trees, cocoa with 3,868 trees and pepper with 2,436 trees. Other agricultural products are horticulture which includes shallots, large chilies, cayenne pepper, long beans and mushrooms. The data showed that the highest yield was mushrooms with 584,325 quintals, followed by cayenne pepper and large chilies. Wonogiri also possesses food crops potential consisting of wetland rice and dryland rice. Data shows that the wetland rice yield is higher than the dryland rice. All sub-districts have wetland paddy fields except Paranggupito, as it is situated adjacent to the coast and waters. The biggest producers of wetland rice are Ngadirojo and Selogiri, both of which are in the reservoir area so they are well irrigated. Meanwhile, the biggest dryland rice producers are Pracimantoro and Giriwoyo.
To answer the second goal, LQ analysis was used to identify the base and non-base sectors. Calculation results are shown in the table 3. Table 3 shows that almost all economic sectors in Wonogiri are base sectors, because they are still relatively superior compared to the same sector in the province of Central Java specifically for the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector, followed by the Mining and Quarrying, Water Supply, Waste Processing, Waste and Recycling, Wholesale and Retail Trade, Automobile and Motorcycle Repairs, Transportation and Warehousing, Financial and Insurance Services, Corporate Services, Government Administration, Defense and Mandatory Social Security, Education Services, Health Services and Other Services.
Furthermore, the CIPOO-based poverty alleviation model will be formulated. Based on the results of in-depth interviews and FGDs, the following model was developed in figure 7.

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that poverty in Wonogiri Regency until 2016, was still high with values above two digits. However, from year to year, this value shows a significant decrease. The macroeconomic condition of Wonogiri is underdeveloped but it continues to show improvement and is supported by a fairly positive economic potential and LQ analysis. A CIPOO analysis model that includes all components of society will support economic development in Wonogiri

SUGGESTION
This research suggests that improving the economy and community welfare needs to involve all stakeholders: academics, business actors, government and society. Each element in the community needs to be involved massively in improving the economy.