Strategi Peningkatan Nilai Tambah Perkebunan Karet Melalui Diversifikasi Usaha

Junaidi Junaidi

Abstract


Pendapatan petani dan perusahaan perkebunan karet belum optimal karena harga komoditi karet fluktuatif. Diversifikasi usaha menjadi salah satu strategi untuk meningkatkan produktivitas lahan dan nilai ekonomi perkebunan karet. Tujuan tulisan review iniadalah (1) mendeskripsikan strategi peningkatan nilai tambah perkebunan karet melalui diversifikasi usaha, (2) menyajikan sistem tumpangsari berbasis karet, integrasi karet-ternak, pemanfaatan biji karet, ekstraksi protein lateks, dan pemanfaatan kayu karet sebagai alternatif untuk memperoleh keuntungan yang optimal.Jarak tanam yang renggang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber pendapatan dengan pola tumpangsari selama tanaman belum menghasilkan (TBM).Peningkatan nilai tambah lainnya dapat dilakukan dengan integrasi karet-ternakmemanfaatkan gulma di areal perkebunan karet sebagai pakan. Endosperm biji karet dapat diolah menjadi tepung pakan dan biodiesel, sedangkan cangkang biji dapat diproses menjadi karbon aktif yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Pemanfaatan sumberdaya non-lateks selain meningkatkan nilai tambah kebun, juga dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif sumber pendapatan untuk meminimalisir dampak harga karet yang rendah.

Keywords


Strategi, Peningkatan, Nilai Ekonomi, Perkebunan Karet

Full Text:

PDF

References


A’ini, Y., & Jannah, W. (2016). Pengaruh Penurunan Harga Karet Mentah Terhadap Daya Beli Masyarakat di Pasar Desa Pasir Jaya. Jurnal Ilmiah Cano Ekonomos, 5(2), 125–132.

Abduh, M. Y., Manurung, R., & Heeres, H. J. (2017). Techno-economic Analysis for Small Scale Production of Rubber Seed Oil and Biodiesel in Palangkaraya, Indonesia. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, 5(4), 268–273. https://doi.org/10.18178/JOCET.2017.5.4.381

Agarry, S. E., & Owabor, C. N. (2012). Evaluation of the Adsorption Potential of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Seed Pericarp-Activated Carbon in Abattoir Wastewater Treatment and in the Removal of Iron (III) Ions from Aqueous Solution. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 31(3), 346–358.

Aguihe, P. C., Kehinde, A. S., Ivan, O. C., & Eiko, M. A. (2017). Evaluation of Processing Methods of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Seed Meal for Use as a Feed Ingredient for Broiler Chickens. Journal of Poultry Research, 14(1), 20–27.

Agustina, D. S. (2012). Pemanfaatan kayu karet di beberapa negara produses karet alam dunia. Warta Perkaretan, 31(2), 85. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.wp.v31i2.270

Agustina, D. S., Herlinawati, E., & Aji, M. (2013). Financial Analyses on d4 Tapping as Alternative to d3 in Rubber Plantation of South Sumatra. International Rubber Conference 2017, 841–849.

Agustina, D. S., Herlinawati, E., & Nugraha, I. S. (2017). Kajian Ekonomi Penundaan Buka Sadap Sebagai Solusi untuk Menghadapi Harga Karet Rendah. Warta Perkaretan, 36(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.wp.v36i1.258

Agustina, D. S., Syarifa, L. F., & Nancy, C. (2013). Kajian Kelembagaan dan Kemitraan Pemasaran Kayu Karet di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 31(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.22302/jpk.v31i1.133

Agustina, D. S., Syarifa, L. F., & Nancy, C. (2016). Kajian Prospek Bisnis Pembibitan Karet di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 34(2), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.22302/jpk.v34i2.227

Ahmad, J., Yusup, S., Bokhari, A., & Kamil, R. N. M. (2014). Study of Fuel Properties of Rubber Seed Oil Based Biodiesel. Energy Conversion and Management, 78, 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.10.056

Andriyanto, M., Dalimunthe, C. I., & Sembiring, Y. R. V. (2017). Pemanfaatan Bangun-bangun (Coleus amboinicus) di Gawangan TBM Karet untuk Pengendalian Jamur Akar Putih dan Kesuburan Tanah. Warta Perkaretan, 36(2), 137–146.

Anis, D., Zaidi, a G., Khudzir, I., Iqbaldin, M. N., Osman, U. M., & Nawawi, W. I. (2014). Production of Rubber Seed Pericarp Based Activated Carbon Using Microwave-Induced Different Chemical Activating Agent. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(7), 1–8.

Araújo, L. A., Melo-Reis, P. R., Mrue, F., Gomes, C. M., Oliveira, M. A. P., Silva, H. M., Alves, M. M., & Silva-Júnior, N. J. (2017). Protein from Hevea brasiliensis “Hev b 13” Latex Attenuates Systemic Inflammatory Response and Lung Lesions in Rats with Sepsis. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 78(2), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.06316

Arsad, E. (2009). Kayu Karet Sebagai Substitusi Kayu Hutan Alam untuk Industri. Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan, 1(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v1i1.871

Aulia, Aprilianda, Arsyad, F. S., & Johan, A. (2019). Temperature Carbonization Effect on the Quality of Activated Carbon Based on Rubber Seed Shell. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1282(1), 012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1282/1/012043

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2019). Statistik Karet Indonesia. Badan Pusat Statistik.

Baffes, J., & Wu, J. (2018). Raw Materials Outlook: Cotton, Rubber Prices to Stabilize in 2019. World Bank Blogs. http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/raw-materials-outlook-cotton-rubber-prices-stabilize-2019

Boerhendhy, I., Nancy, C., & Gunawan, A. (2003). Prospek dan Potensi Pemanfaatan Kayu Karet sebagai Substitusi Kayu Alam. Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis, 1(1), 35–46.

Boerhendy, I., Agustina, D. S., & Setiono. (2012). Paket Teknologi Karet untuk Mempersingkat Masa Tanaman Belum Menghasilkan Kurang dari Empat Tahun. Prosiding Konferensi Nasional Karet, Yogyakarta 19 - 20 September 2012, 269–278.

Borhan, A., Abdullah, N. A., Rashidi, N. A., & Taha, M. F. (2016). Removal of Cu2+ and Zn2+ from Single Metal Aqueous Solution Using Rubber-Seed Shell Based Activated Carbon. Procedia Engineering, 148, 694–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.571

Chaendaekattu, N., & Mydin, K. K. (2018). Inheritance Pattern and Genetic Correlations Among Growth and Wood Quality Traits in Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis>/i>) and Implications for Breeding. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-018-1278-5

Darmawan, N., Fitrianti, F., & Dewi, I. R. (2017). Lateks Karet Alam Bebas Protein Menggunakan Natrium Hidroksida. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet Dan Plastik Ke-6, Yogyakarta 25 Oktober 2017, 211–222.

Dewi, D., Harianto, Mangkuprawira, S., & Kusnadi, N. (2010). Peran Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia dalam Peningkatan Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Petani di Derah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Forum Pascasarjana, 33(3), 155–164.

Dianita, R. (2012). Keragaman Fungsi Tanaman Pakan Dalam Sistem Perkebunan. Pastura, 2(2), 66–69.

Diwyanto, K., Priyanti, A., & Saptati, R. A. (2007). Prospek Pengembangan Usaha Peternakan Pola Integrasi. Sains Peternakan, 5(2), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v5i2.4924

Ferreira, M., Mendonça, R. J., Coutinho-Netto, J., & Mulato, M. (2009). Angiogenic Properties of Natural Rubber Latex Biomembranes and the Serum Fraction of Hevea brasiliensis. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 39(3), 564–569. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332009000500010

Fortuna, D., Rahimsyah, A., & Puspitasari, Y. (2015). Degradation of Acid Cyanide Poison in Rubber Seed (Hevea Brasiliensis) After Treatment with Rice Husk Ash. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 5(4), 291–293. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.5.4.540

Gaba, S., Lescourret, F., Boudsocq, S., Enjalbert, J., Hinsinger, P., Journet, E. P., Navas, M. L., Wery, J., Louarn, G., Malézieux, E., Pelzer, E., Prudent, M., & Ozier-Lafontaine, H. (2015). Multiple Cropping Systems as drivers for providing multiple ecosystem services: from concepts to design. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(2), 607–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0272-z

Hayashi, Y. (2009). Production of natural rubber from Para rubber tree. Plant Biotechnology, 26, 67–70. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.26.67

Hirohata, N. (2015). A survey on the competitiveness of natural rubber companies in Mekong sub-region. IFEAMA SPSCP, 4, 72–79. http://ifeama.org/ifeamaspscp/selected papers/12th in Hanoi/12th 07 Hirohata_Final .pdf

Hirohata, N., & Fukuyo, K. (2011). Comparative study of large-scale investment in plantation in least developed countries applying the investment profitability analysis model. Proceedings of the 8Th International Conference on Innovation and Management, 1, 370–374.

Hutapea, Y., Suparwoto, S., Suryana, Y., & Hutabarat, P. (2019). Nilai tambah berat badan sapi berdasarkan pemberian pakan di kawasan perkebunan karet. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal, Palembang 4-5 September 2019, 62–70.

Ismanto, A., & Saputro, Y. D. (2014). Analisis kimia kayu karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) diawetkan secara tradisional. Jurnal Sains Natural Universitas Nusa Bangsa2, 4(2), 181–186.

Jisieike, C. F., & Betiku, E. (2020). Rubber seed oil extraction: effects of solvent polarity, extraction time and solid-solvent ratio on its yield and quality. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 24(February), 101522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101522

Junior, H. de J. E., Ohto, J. M., da Silva, L. L., Lara Palma, H. A., & Ballarin, A. W. (2015). Potential of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) for structural use after the period of latex extraction: a case study in Brazil. Journal of Wood Science, 61(4), 384–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-015-1478-7

Kanokwiroon, K., Teanpaisan, R., Wititsuwannakul, D., Hooper, A. B., & Wititsuwannakul, R. (2008). Antimicrobial activity of a protein purified from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis on oral microorganisms. Mycoses, 51(4), 301–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01490.x

Karima, R. (2015a). Kualitas minyak biji karet sebagai minyak pangan alternatif pasca penghilangan HCN. Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan, 7(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v7i2.1227

Karima, R. (2015b). Pengaruh perendaman dan perebusan terhadap kadar HCN pada biji karet. Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan, 7(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v7i1.855

Kerche-Silva, L. E., Cavalcante, D. G. S. M., & Job, A. E. (2018). Natural rubber latex biomaterials in bone regenerative medicine. In Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine: Vol. i (Issue tourism, p. 13). InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69855

Kouassi, G. F., Koné, G. A., Good, M., Assidjo, N. E., & Kouba, M. (2020). Effect of Hevea brasiliensis seed meal or Euphorbia heterophylla seed supplemented diets on performance, physicochemical and sensory properties of eggs, and egg yolk fatty acid profile in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Poultry Science, 99(1), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez500

Kughur, P. G. (2012). The effects of herbicides on crop production and environment in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 14(4), 206–216.

Le, H. N. T., Imamura, K., Watanabe, N., Furuta, M., Takenaka, N., Boi, L. Van, & Maeda, Y. (2018). Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil by transesterification using a co-solvent of fatty acid methyl esters. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 41(5), 1013–1018. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201700575

Lee, S. W., & Wendy, W. (2017). Malaysian rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed as alternative protein source for red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp., farming. AACL Bioflux, 10(1), 32–37.

Liengprayoon, S., Vaysse, L., Jantarasunthorn, S., Wadeesirisak, K., Chaiyut, J., Srisomboon, S., Musigamart, N., Roytrakul, S., Bonfils, F., Char, C., & Bottier, C. (2017). Fractionation of Hevea brasiliensis latex by centrifugation: (i) a comprehensive description of the biochemical composition of the 4 centrifugation fractions. Proceeding of International Rubber Conference, Jakarta 18-20 October 2017, 645–660. http://totallab.com/cliqs/

Liu, H., Yang, X., Blagodatsky, S., Marohn, C., Liu, F., Xu, J., & Cadisch, G. (2019). Modelling weed management strategies to control erosion in rubber plantations. Catena, 172, 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.08.041

Malaysian Rubber Board. (2019). Natural Rubber Statistic 2018. http://www.lgm.gov.my/nrstat/Statistics Website 2018 (Jan-Dec).pdf

Mooibroek, H., & Cornish, K. (2000). Alternative sources of natural rubber. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 53(4), 355–365.

Nadarajah, R. Y., Mohammad, R., & Mohamad, M. (2018). Rubber seed shells (Hevea brasiliensis): an adsorbent used for the removal of Rhodamine B dye. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 13(24), 9311–9317.

Nancy, C., Agustina, D. S., & Syarifa, L. F. (2013). Potensi kayu hasil peremajaan karet rakyat untuk memasok industri kayu karet: studi kasus di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 31(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.22302/jpk.v31i1.134

Nian-Yian, L., Peng, W. L., Mohd-Setapar, S. H., Idham, Z., Yunus, M. A. C., & Muhamadb, I. I. (2014). Application of rubber (hevea brasiliensis) seeds oil extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide in cosmetics. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences and Engineering), 69(4), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v69.3174

Nugrahani, M. O., Rouf, A., Aji, Y. B. S., Widyasari, T., & Rinojati, N. D. (2017). Kombinasi sisten sadap frekuensi rendah dan penggunaan stimulan untuk optimasi produksi dan penurunan biaya penyadapan di panel BO. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 35(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.jpk.v1i1.350

Nugroho, P. A., Istianto, Fairuzah, Z., & Karyudi. (2009). Pengaruh tanaman sela ubi kayu terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman karet belum menghasilkan dan pengurasan hara tanah. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 27(1), 64–75.

Oluodo, L. A., Huda, N., & Komilus, C. F. (2018). Potential utilization of rubber seed meal as feed and food. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 4(43), 66–71.

Omo-Ikerodah, E. E., Omokhafe, K. O., Akpobome, F. A., & Mokwunye, M. U. (2009). An overview of the potentials of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) engineering for the production of valuable proteins. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(25), 7303–7307. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2009.000-9564

Pagketanang, T., Artnaseaw, A., Wongwicha, P., & Thabuot, M. (2015). Microporous activated carbon from KOH-activation of rubber seed-shells for application in capacitor electrode. Energy Procedia, 79, 651–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.550

Pagketanang, T., Wongwicha, P., & Thabuot, M. (2015). Characteristics of activated carbon produced from rubber seed shell by using different methods of chemical activation with KOH. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 781, 659–662. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.781.659

Pai, A. V. (2019). Recent trends in natural rubber. Geojit Foresight. https://blog.geojit.com/recent-trends-in-natural-rubber/

Perumal, V., Geetha, N., Palanivel, S., & Thulaseedharan, A. (2013). Natural rubber producing plants: An overview. African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(12), 1297–1310. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBX12.016

Priyadarshan, P. M. (2011). Biology of Hevea Rubber. CAB International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54506-6

Razak, S. B. A., Aziz, A. A., Ali, N. A., Ali, M. F., & Visser, F. (2016). The sustainable integration of meliponiculture as an additional income stream for rubber smallholders in Malaysia. CRI & IRRDB International Rubber Conference, Siem Reap, Cambodia, 21 – 22 November 2016., 143–156.

Riadi, F., Machfud, Bantacut, T., Sailah, I., & Marimin. (2011). Pengembangan agroindustri berbasis kayu karet. Agri-Tek, 12(2), 96–108.

Rinojati, N. D., Putra, R. C., Afifah, E., & Muliawansyah, I. (2016). Analisis efisiensi usahatani pisang di antara tanaman karet: studi kasus di Kebun Cibungur, PTPN VIII Jawa Barat. Warta Perkaretan, 35(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.wp.v35i1.79

Rinojati, N. D., Rouf, A., Aji, Y. B. S., Nugrahani, M. O., & Widyasari, T. (2018). Peningkatan produksi dan analisis finansial pada buka sadap lilit batang > 45 cm untk menghadapi harga karet rendah. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 35(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.jpk.v35i2.321

Rodrigo, V. H. L., Silva, T. U. K., & Munasinghe, E. S. (2004). Improving the spatial arrangement of planting rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) for long-term intercropping. Field Crops Research, 89(2–3), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.02.013

Rusdiana, S., Hutasoit, R., & Sirait, J. (2015). Analisis ekonomi usaha sapi potong di lahan perkebunan sawit dan karet. SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 12(2), 146–155.

Rusdiana, S., & Praharani, L. (2018). Pengembangan peternakan rakyat sapi potong: kebijakan swasembada daging sapi dan kelayakan usaha ternak. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 36(2), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.21082/fae.v36n2

Rusdiana, S., & Soeharsono. (2017). Farmer group performance Bali cattle in Luwu District East: the economic analysis. The International Journal of Tropical Veterinary and Biomedical Research, 2(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.21157/ijtvbr.v2i1.8634

Rusdiana, S., Wibowo, B., & Praharani, L. (2010). Penyerapan sumberdaya manusia dalam analisis fungsi usaha penggemukan sapi potong rakyat di pedesaan. Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan Dan Veteriner, 453–460.

Sahuri. (2017a). Pengembangan tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.) di antara tanaman karet belum menghasilkan. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian, 15(2), 113–126.

Sahuri. (2017b). Uji adaptasi sorgum manis sebagai tanaman sela di antara tanaman karet belum menghasilkan. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 35(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.jpk.v1i1.286

Sahuri. (2017c). Pengaturan pola tanam karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) untuk tumpang sari jangka panjang. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 22(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.22.1.46

Sahuri. (2019). Teknologi tumpangsari karet-tanaman pangan: kendala dan peluang pengembangan berkelanjutan. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 38(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v38n1.2019.p23-34

Sahuri, S., Cahyo, A. N., & Nugraha, I. S. (2016). Pola tumpang sari karet-padi sawah pada tingkat petani di lahan pasang surut (studi kasus di Desa Nusantara, Kecamatan Kecamatan Air Sugihan, Kabupaten OKI, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan). Warta Perkaretan, 35(2), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.wp.v35i2.94

Sahuri, S., & Rosyid, M. J. (2015). Analisis usahatani dan optimalisasi pemanfaatan gawangan karet menggunakan cabai rawit sebagai tanaman sela. Warta Perkaretan, 34(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.wp.v34i2.250

Santoso, L., & Agusmansyah, H. (2011). Pengaruh substitusi tepung kedelai dengan tepung biji karet pada pakan buatan terhadap pertumbuhan ikan bawal air tawar (Colossoma macropomum). Berkala Perikanan Terubuk, 39(2), 41–50.

Saputra, J. (2018). Strategi pemupukan tanaman karet dalam menghadapi harga karet yang rendah. Warta Perkaretan, 37(2), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.wp.v37i2.584

Sari, H. F. M., & Rahayu, S. S. B. (2013). Jenis-Jenis gulma yang ditemukan di perkebunan karet (Hevea brasiliensis Roxb.) Desa Rimbo Datar Kabupaten 50 Kota Sumatera Barat. Biogenesis: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, 1(1), 28–32. https://doi.org/10.24252/bio.v1i1.444

Setyawardani, D. A., Alkautsar, H. S., & Fadhilah, U. R. (2013). Pengolahan biji karet sebagai bahan baku pembuatan minyak pangan (edible oil). Ekuilibium, 12(1), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.20961/ekuilibrium.v12i1.2174

Suheryanto, D. (2010). Pengaruh konsentrasi cupri sulfat terhadap keawetan kayu karet. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Rekayasa Kimia Dan Proses 2010, 1–12.

Sundari, T., & Purwantoro. (2014). Kesesuaian genotipe kedelai untuk tanaman sela di bawah tegakan pohon karet. Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan, 33(1), 44–53.

Suprayudi, M. A., Irawan, W. S., & Utomo, N. B. P. (2015). Evaluasi tepung bungkil biji karet difermentasi cairan rumen domba pada pakan ikan patin. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 13(2), 146. https://doi.org/10.19027/jai.13.146-151

Susila, I. W. (2009). Pengembangan proses produksi biodiesel biji karet metode non-katalis superheated methanol pada tekanan atmosfir. Jurnal Teknik Mesin, 11(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.9744/jtm.11.2.pp.

Sussman, G. L., Beezhold, D. H., & Kurup, V. P. (2002). Allergens and natural rubber proteins. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 110(2), S33–S39. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.124969

Syamsunarno, M. B., & Sunarno, M. T. D. (2014). Kajian biji karet (Hevea brasiliensis) sebagai kandidat bahan baku pakan ikan. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Dan Perikanan, 3(2), 135–142.

Syarifa, L. F., Agustina, D. S., Nancy, C., & Supriadi, M. (2016). Dampak rendahnya harga karet terhadap kondisi sosial ekonomi petani karet di Sumatera Selatan. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 34(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.22302/jpk.v0i0.218

Tahir, H., & Misran, M. (2019). Natural rubber latex (NRL) waste protein purified at various pH condition and metal extraction studies. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1349(1), 012062. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1349/1/012062

Teoh, Y. P., Don, M. M., & Ujang, S. (2011). Assessment of the properties, utilization, and preservation of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis): a case study in Malaysia. Journal of Wood Science, 57(4), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-011-1173-2

Tistama, R., Minati, W., Darojat, M. R., & Dalimunthe, C. I. (2017). Protein lateks Hevea brasiliensis sebagai fungisida untuk pengendalian penyakit tanaman. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 35(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.jpk.v1i1.294

Towaha, J., & Daras, U. (2013). Peluang pemanfaatan kayu karet (Hevea brasiliensis) sebagai kayu industri. Warta Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Tanaman Industri, 19(2), 26–31.

Ulfah, M., Mulyazmi, M., Burmawi, B., Praputri, E., Sundari, E., & Firdaus, F. (2018). Biodiesel production methods of rubber seed oil: A review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 334(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/334/1/012006

Vachlepi, A. (2015). Produksi medium density fibreboard (MDF) dari kayu karet di Sumatera Selatan: potensi, mutu dan proses pengolahannya. Warta Perkaretan, 34(2), 177. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.wp.v34i2.259

Vachlepi, A. (2019). Prospek pemanfaatan kayu karet sebagai bahan baku pembuatan pulp. Warta Perkaretan, 1(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.wp.v1i1.593

Vachlepi, A., Suwardin, D., & Hanifarianty, S. (2015). Pengawetan kayu karet menggunakan bahan organik dengan teknik perendaman panas. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 33(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.22302/jpk.v33i1.171

Valdes, Y. B. (2016). El Rol De Las Arvenses Como Componente En La Biodiversidad De Los Agroecosistemas. Cultivos Tropicales, 37(4), 34–56. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10964.19844

Van Parijs, J., Broekaert, W. F., Goldstein, I. J., & Peumans, W. J. (1991). Hevein: an antifungal protein from rubber-tree (Hevea brasiliensis) latex. Planta, 183(2), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197797

Wang, X., Shi, M., Lu, X., Ma, R., Wu, C., Guo, A., Peng, M., & Tian, W. (2010). A method for protein extraction from different subcellular fractions of laticifer latex in Hevea brasiliensis compatible with 2-DE and MS. Proteome Science, 8, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-5956-8-35

Widyarani, Coulen, S. C. W., Sanders, J. P. M., & Bruins, M. E. (2017). Valorisation of proteins from rubber tree. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 8(4), 1027–1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9688-9

Widyarani, Sari, Y. W., Ratnaningsih, E., Sanders, J. P. M., & Bruins, M. E. (2016). Production of hydrophobic amino acids from biobased resources: wheat gluten and rubber seed proteins. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(18), 7909–7920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7441-8

Widyasari, T., Nugrahani, M. O., & Sumarmadji. (2017). Financial feasibility of low frequency tapping systems to deal with the business challenge of rubber plantation in Indonesia. International Rubber Conference 2017, 831–840.

Woelan, S., Siagian, N., Sayurandi, S., & Pasaribu, S. A. (2012). Potensi kayu karet hasil peremajaan di tingkat perusahaan perkebunan. Warta Perkaretan, 31(2), 75. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.wp.v31i2.269

Wongsiri, S., Pyramarn, K., Leepitakrat, S., & Aemprapa, S. (1999). Rubber: a potential major honey plant in Thailand. Bee World, 80(4), 187–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.1999.11099454

Yan, K. Z., Zaini, M. A. A., Arsad, A., & Nasri, N. S. (2019). Rubber seed shell based activated carbon by physical activation for phenol removal. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 72(October 2018), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1972026

Yatno, Murni, R., Nelwida, & Yani, E. N. (2015). Kandungan asam aianida, bahan kering dan bahan organik tepung biji karet hasil pengukusan. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan Universitas Jambi, 18(2), 58–65.

Yu, L. J., Chi, C. W. Y., Tangavaloo, V., Lim, K. W., & A Tarawneh, M. (2019). Protein reduction of natural rubber films through leaching solvent. MATEC Web of Conferences, 268, 01011. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926801011

Zakariyya, F., Puspitasari, N., & Prawoto, A. A. (2016). Ragam model pola tumpangsari kakao-karet. Warta Pusat Penelitian Kopi Dan Kakao Indonesia, 28(1), 19–28.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/agriekonomika.v9i1.6928

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.






 
Creative Commons License